♂, Trat, Thailand.		♀, Lam Dong, Vietnam. (Photo by K.Saito)
♂, Cham Pasak, Laos.		♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.
♂, Phetchabun, Thailand.		♂, Phetchabun, Thailand.
♂, Phrae, Thailand.		♂, Phetchabun, Thailand.

ON : Papilio xenocles lindos Fruhstorfer, 1902 OD : Soc. ent. 16(19):145-146. TL : Muok-Lek, Siam. Distribution : C. to E.Thailand, C. to S.Laos, Cambodia, C. & S.Vietnam. ● ssp.kephisos ● transition zone of kephisos and lindos ● ssp.lindos

Papilio macareus indochinensis ♀f. serda Fruhstorfer,1909 : Ent. Zeit. 22(42):174, fig.10,♀. TL. Muok-Lek, Siam. (IFS)
Graphium xenocles nhungii Boy, [2006] : Galathea 22:19. (Unavailable name)

♂, Type (red), #149414, Januar. Muok-Lek, Siam. H.Fruhstorfer (NHML, examined)

[ THAILAND ]
Papilio xenocles lindos f.temp. lindos ; Fruhstorfer,1903 : 227-229. (Siam)
Papilio xenocles lindos ; Jordan,1909 : 105. (Siam)
Papilio xenocles lindos ; Godfrey,1930 : 219. (Muak Lek; Pak Jong)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Pinratana,1977 : 61, fig.P51b♂. (Chanthaburi)
Graphium xenocles kephisos ; Pinratana & Eliot,1992 : 34,45. (Chaiyaphum; Chanthaburi; Nakhon Nayok; Nakhon Ratchasima)
Graphium xenocles kephisos ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 135. (Thung Saleng Luang) (in part)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 135, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un). (Phu Khiewo; Khao Yai; Sarika; Nakohn Nayork; Wan Nam Khiewo; Kao Soi Dao; Pliewn WF; Khao Khiewo;) (in part)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs. (Khon Kaen; Phetchabun; Chaiyaphum; Udon Thani; Sa Kaeo; Nakhon Ratchasima; Chonburi; Trat) (accessed: 2024.07.05)

[ LAOS ]
Papilio xenocles f. xenocles ; Dubois & Vitalis,1914 : 151. (Laos)
Papilio xenocles f. xenocles ; Dubois & Vitalis,1921 : 16. (Laos)
Graphium xenocles kephisos ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 48, pl.13, figs.3,♂,4,♂(Un),5,♀,6,♀(Un). (Vang Vieng; Tha Ngone)
Graphium xenocles kephisos ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 201, pl.25, figs.♂,♂,♀. (Thabok; Phong Saly; Oudomxay)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Cotton & Racheli,[2007] : 304-307. (Thabok; Hinboun; Lak Sao)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 41.
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Onodera,2022 : 10, pl.50, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Bolikhamxai: Thabok)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Graphium xenocles kephisos ; Woodfield & Murton,2006 : figs.♂,♂(Un). (Botum Sakor NP.)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 128. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Kosterin,2019 : 89. (Koh Kong; Preah Sihanouk)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 113. (Koh Kong; Preah Sihanouk; Pursat; Siem Reap)

[ VIETNAM ]
Papilio xenocles f. xenocles ; Dubois & Vitalis,1914 : 151. (Annam)
Papilio xenocles f. xenocles ; Dubois & Vitalis,1921 : 16. (Annam)
Papilio xenocles xenocles ; Metaye,1957 : 84. (S)
Graphium xenocles kephisos ; Shinkai,1999 : 61. (S: Bao Lac)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006 : 10, fig.Pa-27,♂. (Bin Thuan: Dong Tien)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2007c : 36, figs.Pa-27,♀,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dong Nai: Thac Mai)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Monastyrskii,2007 : 89-90, pl.28, fig.2b♂. (S: La Nga; Cat Tien; Binh Tuy)
Graphium xenocles lindos ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 14. (C: Lam Dong; Dak Lak; Khanh Hoa)

[ THAILAND ]
Phetchabun : 8♂ (incl. photo by S.Sophonviwatkul).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chaiyaphum : 5♂ (photo and photo by T.Aoyama).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chonburi: 1♂ (photo by S.Sophonviwatkul).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 15♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trat : 2♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Bolikhamxai : 41♂ 3♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Vientiane : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Khammouan : 13♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Champasak : 2♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Lam Dong : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

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Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is locally common in montane forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 20 - 900m). Males frequently come to the banks of streams and puddles to suck water. Females are polymorphic. Both sexes mimicking Danainae species, such as Parantica aglea, Parantica melaneus or some kind of Euploea species. They look similar to the model in flight.
The boundary between ssp.kephisos and ssp.lindos seems to be a transition zone containing intermediate individuals. The ratio of both subspecies and their variation depends on the locality. For instance, in N.Thailand, Phrae Province, the population is mostly ssp.lindos, but occasionally intermediate individuals are found. On the other hand, in western part of Chiang Mai, it is mostly ssp.kephisos, with occasional intermediate individuals. Furthermore, in Lak Sao, E.Laos, both subspecies are found almost equally. Further taxonomic study and distributional research are needed.
Adam Cotton suggested that Papilio macareus indochinensis ♀f.serda Fruhstorfer,1909 should be included in this taxon rather than macareus, based on the illustration in the original description. I agreed and followed his opinion.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1902 : P. xenocles kephisos nov. subspec. P. xenocles lindos nov. subspec.
Soc. ent. 16(19):145-146.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1903 : Verzeichnis der in Tonkin, Annam und Siam gesammelten Papilioniden und Besprechung verwandter Formen.
Berl. ent. Z. 47:167-234.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1909 : Lepidopterologisches Pele-Mele. XIII. Illustrationen interessanter Tagfalter I.
Ent. Zeit. 22(42):172-176, 10 figs.

Jordan, K.,1909 : Die Indo-Australische Tagfalter. Papilionidae in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde
9:105-112.

Boy, P.,2006 : Beobachtungen auffalliger Tagfalter (Lep. Papilionidae) im Khao Yai Nationalpark / Thailand. 3. Teil: Leptocerini - Gattungen Graphium und Lamproptera
Galathea 22:17-25.

♂, Chaiyaphum, Thailand. (photo by T.Aoyama)	♂, Chonburi, Thailand. (photo by S.Sophonviwatkul)
♂, Phetchabun, Thailand. (photo by S.Sophonviwatkul)	♂ with Graphium spp. etc, Phetchabun, Thailand.

1996.10.08 - 2024.07.31.