♂ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♀ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (wsf), Kanchanaburi, Thailand.		♀ (wsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♀ (dsf), Chanthaburi, Thailand.
♂ (dsf), Trat, Thailand.		♀ (dsf), Trat, Thailand.
♂, Lam Dong, Vietnam. (photo by K.Saito)		♀, Lam Dong, Vietnam. (photo by K.Saito)

ON : Papilio martha Fabricius,1787 OD : Mantissa Ins. 2:56. TL : 'Siam' [Phuket, Thailand]. Distribution : Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, S. China. ● ssp.martha ● ssp.malayana ● ssp.rufulus

Lebadea attenuata Moore, 1879 : Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878(4):829. TL. 'Hatsiega; Naththoung to Paboga', [Kayah State, Myanmar].
Lebadea martha nebula Chou & Xie, 2000 : Entomotaxonomia 22(3):224, 228, fig.11(HT,♂). TL. Yunnan.

nebula : Holotype ♂, Yunan ; Paratype 1♂, Yunnan. (Entomological Museum, North west Sci-Tech University)

[ THAILAND ]
Lebadea martha marta ; Fruhstorfer,1913 : 643. (Siam)
Lebadea martha martha ; Godfrey,1916 : 130.
Lebadea martha ismene ; Godfrey,1927 : 124. (N)
Lebadea martha martha ; Godfrey,1930 : 287. (except P)
Lebadea martha martha ; Pinratana,1979 : 64, figs.N113a♀,♀(Un). (Chanthaburi; Nakhon Nayok; Saraburi)
Lebadea martha martha ; Pinratana & Eliot,1996 : 67, pl.42, fig.120a♂. (Chiang Mai; Chaiyaphum; Nakhon Nayok; Saraburi; Chanthaburi)
Lebadea martha martha ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 255, fig.102,♂. (Mukdahan: Phu Mu; Phu Pha Thaep)
Lebadea martha martha ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 28. (Ubon Ratchathani: Phu Chong Na Yoi; Nam Tok Soi Sawan; Kaeng E-Keow; Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Nam Tok Kham Cha I; Ban Na Lak)
Lebadea martha martha ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 51. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Mu; Nam Tok Tad Ton; Ubon Ratchathani: Waring Chamrap; Nam Tok Soi Sawan; Phu Chong Na Yoi; Phu Pung; Don Far Huan)
Lebadea martha martha ; Katsuyama et al.,2005 : 70, fig.164,♂. (Umphang: Tha Sai)
Lebadea martha martha ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 416, pl.182, figs.N125a♂,♂(Un),♀. (Wiang Pa Pao; Wang Nam Khieo; Tham Than Lod)
Lebadea martha martha ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 426, pl.186, figs.N291a♂,♂(Un),♀. (Wiang Pa Pao; Wang Nam Khieo; Tham Than Lod)
Lebadea martha martha ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Chiang Mai; Sa Kaeo; Nakhon Nayok; Chanthaburi; Trat) (accessed: 2024.05.13)
Lebadea martha martha ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 9. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Lebadea martha martha ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 95, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂[♀],♂[♀](Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Doi Suthep; Ban Pa Nok Khao; Phu Khiewo; Saraburi; Nakohn Nayok; Wan Nam Khiewo; Kao Soi Dao; Kratching WF; Kao Khiewo; Khlong Tariew; Sai York Noi)

[ LAOS ]
Lebadea martha martha ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 59, pl.64, figs.1,♂,2,♂(Un),3,♀,4,♀(Un). (Vang Vieng; Vientiane)
Lebadea martha martha ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 207, pl.61, figs.♂,♀. (Boung Kuang)
Lebadea martha martha ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 42-43. (Namdhua; Thabeng; Thakhek)
Lebadea martha martha ; Onodera,2009b : 43. (Bolikhamxai: Phon Si)
Lebadea martha martha ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 46.
Lebadea martha martha ; Onodera,2022 : 41, pl.119, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Bolikhamxai: Phon Si; Vientiane)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Lebadea martha martha ; Woodfield & Murton,2006 : figs,♀,♀(Un). (Botum Sakor NP.)
Lebadea martha ; Onodera,2007 : 23,29, fig.59♂. (Rattanakiri: Kalai; Siem Reap: Angkor)
Lebadea martha martha ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 129. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Lebadea martha martha ; Kosterin,2019 : 97. (Preah Sihanouk; Kampot)
Lebadea martha martha ; Kosterin,2019b : 32. (Mondulkiri)
Lebadea martha martha ; Kosterin,2020 : 327. (Siem Reap; Preah Vihear)
Lebadea martha martha ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 118. (Kep; Koh Kong; Kampot; Mondulkiri; Preah Sihanouk; Pursat; Preah Vihear; Ratanakiri; Siem Reap; Stueng Treng; Takeo)

[ VIETNAM ]
Lebadea martha marta ; Fruhstorfer,1913 : 643. (Tonkin / S.Annam)
Lebadea martha ; Godfrey,1919 : 468. (S: Daban)
Limenitis attenuata ; Vitalis,1919 : 231. (Annam)
Lebadea martha ; Lemée,1950 : 14. (Hagiang)
Lebadea martha martha f.aest. martha ; Metaye,1957 : 97. (N / C / S)
Lebadea martha martha f.hib. attenuata ; Metaye,1957 : 97. (N / C / S)
Lebadea martha martha ; Ikeda et al.,2000 : 36, fig.6:4,♀,5,♀(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Lebadea martha ; Vu,2003 : 57. (Phu Quoc)
Lebadea martha martha ; Luong et al.,2004 : 7, 65, figs.♂[♀],♂[♀](Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Lebadea martha ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 41. (Thua Thien Hue: Nam Dong; Phong Dien; Bach Ma)
Lebadea martha martha ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006b : 26, figs.N-78,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dai Duc Me; Gung Re)
Lebadea martha martha ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 36. (N / C / S)
Lebadea martha martha ; Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(2):92-93, pl.55, figs.2a♂[♀],2b♂(Un),2c♀(Un). (N: Huu Lien; Tam Dao; Cat Ba; Cuc Phuong; Na Hang; Pu Luong / C: Ben En; Pu Hoat; Pu Mat; Huong Son; Vu Quang; Phong Dien; Dakrong; Nam Dong; Bach Ma; Bu Na; Son Thanh; Ba To; Kon Cha Rang; Kon Ka Kinh; Yok Don; Chu Yang Sin; Hon Ba; Da Teh; Bao Lam; Cat Loc / S: Cat Tien; Lo Go Sa Mat; Tan Phu; Nghia Trung; Loc Bac)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 4♂ 8♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phrae : 1♀.

Jan

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Mar

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Sep

Oct

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Dec

Kanchanaburi : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chaiyaphum : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

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Dec

Sa Kaeo : 1♂ 3♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Nayok : 2♀ (photo by S.Sophonviwatkul).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 2♂ 5♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trat : 5♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

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Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Lam Dong : 3♂ 6♀..

Jan

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Mar

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May

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Jul

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Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is common in montane and secondary forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 50 - 1200m). Males are territorial on shrubs. Some females from S.E.Thailand have very narrow discal band.
Corbet (1941) mentioned the type locality of martha is considered to be "Salang" [Phuket], P.Thailand. Judging from the photo of the type specimen in Corbet & Pendlebury (1956), I agree with Corbet. However, if this is the case, a taxonomic issue arises. The population in peninsular Thailand south of Ranong, including Phuket, is considered to be the same population as Malaysia. Thus, ssp.malayana would be a synonym of ssp.martha, and ssp.attenuata is likely to be a continental subspecies. However, I do not have enough specimens from Phuket for comparison, I tentatively follow the traditional classification. Comparison with a large number of specimens is needed in future.

Fabricius, J. C.,1787 : Mantissa Insectorum sistens eorum species nuper detectas adiectis characteribus genericis,
differentiis specificis, emendationibus, observationibus.
Copenhagen, Christ. Gottl. Proft 8vo 1:xx+348pp ; 2:[2]+382pp

Moore, F.,1879 : A list of the lepidopterous insects collected by Mr.Ossian Limborg in upper Tenasserim,
with descriptions of new species.
Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878(4):821-858, pls. 51-53.

Corbet, A.S.,1941 : Observations on Certain of the Fabrician Names of Indo-Australian Rhopalocera (Lepid.)
Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B)10(6):98-106.

Cobert, A.S. & Pendlebury, H.M.,1956
The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula: Second Edition Revised.
537 pp, 55 (partly col.)pls. London.

Cobert, A.S. & Pendlebury, H.M.,1978 (Revised by Eliot, J.N.)
The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula, 3rd Edition.
577 pp, 438 figs, 35 pl. (29 in col.) Malayan Nature Society.

Chou, I., Zhang, Y.L. & Xie, W.M.,2000 : New Species, Subspecies and New Records of Butterflies (Lepidoptera) from China, 1.
Entomotaxonomia 22(3) : 223-228, 12 figs.

♂ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (wsf), Sa Kaeo, Thailand.	♀ (wsf), Sa Kaeo, Thailand.
♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀ (wsf), Sa Kaeo, Thailand.

2007.03.10 - 2024.05.31.