♂, 2008.07.--. Ha Giang, Vietnam. (photo by K.Saito)		♀, 2008.07.--. Ha Giang, Vietnam. (photo by K.Saito)
♀, 2008.07.--. Ha Giang, Vietnam. (photo by K.Saito)

ON : Phaedyma aspasia falda Eliot, 1969 OD : Bull. Br. Mus. nat. Hist. (Ent.) Suppl. 15: 118. TL : Wang du Potrang, Bhutan. (NHML) Distribution : Bhutan, Assam, N.Myanmar (Kachin State), N.Vietnam.

Holotype ♂, 1.Jul.1933, Wang du Potrang, Bhutan, F. Ludlow & G. Sheriff. (NHML)

[ VIETNAM ]
Phaedyma aspasia aspasia: Saito et al.,2011 : 50, figs.10A♂,10B♂(Un),10C♀,10D♀(Un). (Ha Giang: Dong Van)
Phaedyma aspasia falda: Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 38. (by literature)
Phaedyma aspasia aspasia: Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(2):88–89, pl.54, figs.2a♂,2b♂(Un). (N: Ha Giang)
Phaedyma aspasia falda: Saito & Vu,2020a : 177. (Ha Giang: Dong Van)

[ VIETNAM ]
Ha Giang : 1♂ 2♀.

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The population from N. Vietnam appears to be more closely related to ssp.falda than to the nominotypical subspecies and is therefore provisionally assigned to the former pending further taxonomic study.

Dhungel & Wahlberg (2018) included Phaedyma aspasia in the genus Neptis based on a molecular analysis. Subsequently, Ma et al. (2020) conducted a molecular analysis that included Phaedyma amphion (Linnaeus, 1758), the type species of Phaedyma, and found that P. amphion was nested within Neptis. However, only a limited number of Phaedyma species were included in these analyses, and the relationship between P. amphion and the other species currently assigned to "Phaedyma" remains unclear. Pending the results of further comprehensive molecular studies, the genus name "Phaedyma" is provisionally retained here.

Eliot, J.N, 1969. An Analysis of the Eurasian and Australian Neptini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), Supplement 15: 1–155, 5 pls.

Bozano, G.C, 2008. In: Bozano, G.C. (Ed.), Guide to the Butterflies of the Palearctic region.
Nymphalidae part III, Subfamily Limenitidinae Tribe Neptini.
Omnes Artes, Milano, 77 pp.

Dhungel, B. & Wahlberg, N, 2018. Molecular systematics of the subfamily Limenitidinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).
PeerJ 6: e4311; DOI 10.7717/peerj.4311

Ma, L, Zhang, Y, Lohman, D.J, Wahlberg, N, Ma,F, Nylin, S, Janz, N, Yago, M, Aduse-Poku, K, Peggie, D, Wang, M, Zhang, P. &Wang, H.S, 2020.
A phylogenomic tree inferred with an inexpensive PCR-generated probe kit resolves higher-level relationships among Neptis butterflies (Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae).
Systematic Entomology, 45(4): 924–934.

2026.08.31.