♂, Nan, Thailand.		♀, Nan, Thailand.
♂, Nan, Thailand.		♂, Phetchaburi, Thailand.

ON : Papilio limniace Cramer, 1775 OD : Uitl. Kapellen 1(1/7): 92, pl.59, figs.D, E(Un). TL : 'China; kust van Coromandel [S.India] en Ceylon [Sri Lanka]'. Distribution : Sri Lanka, India to Myanmar, SE.Tibet, Yunnan, Andamans, Nicobars, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan, Guangxi to Fujian, Taiwan,

Papilio exoticus Gmelin, [1790] : In: Linnaeus, Syst. Nat. (edn.13) 1(5): 2289. TL. "Ceylon" [Sri Lanka].
Danais leopardus Butler,1866 : Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866(1): 52. TL. India. (NHML)
Danaida limniace mutina Fruhstorfer, 1910 : In: Seitz, Gross-Schmetterl. Erde 9: 204. TL. "Ceylon" [Sri Lanka].
Danaida limniace moaria Fruhstorfer, 1911 : In: Seitz, Gross-Schmetterl. Erde 9: 274. TL. "Formosa" [Taiwan].
Danaida limniace norinia Fruhstorfer, 1911 : In: Seitz, Gross-Schmetterl. Erde 9: 274. TL. Hainan.
Danais limniace ab. koshunensis Sonan, 1931 : Zephyrus 3(3/4): 198, Tab.17, fig.9,♀. TL. "Kuraru" [Kenting, Pingtung, Taiwan].
Danais limniace ab. kurarensis Sonan, 1931 : Zephyrus 3(3/4): 198, Tab.17, fig.10,♀. TL. "Kuraru" [Kenting, Pingtung, Taiwan].
Danaus limniace ab. disjuncta Dufrane,1948 : Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17(10): 192. TL. "Hoa binh" [Hoa Binh, N.Vietnam].
Danaus limniace ab. joannisi Dufrane, 1948 : Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17(10): 192. TL. "Hoa binh" [Hoa Binh, N.Vietnam].

disjuncta ; Holotype ♂, Hoa binh ; Allotype ♀, Hanoi.
joannis ; Holotype ♂, Hoa binh.

[ THAILAND ]
Danais limniace limniace ; Godfrey,1916 : 118. (Petchaburi River; Chonburi: Sriracha)
Danaida limniace limniace ; Godfrey,1927 : 121. (N)
Danaida limniace limniace ; Godfrey,1930 : 235. (Chonburi: Sriracha; Bangkok; Petchaburi River)
Danaus limniace loepardus ; Pinratana,1977 : 70, figs.D7,♂,♀(Un). (except N)
Tirumala limniace exotica ; Pinratana & Eliot,1992 : 57,71, pl.72, fig.7,♂. (Chiang Mai; Bangkok; Chonburi)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 19, fig.49,♂. (Mukdahan: Ban Na Lak; Ban Gok Tum)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 47. (Mukdahan: Phu Hin Khan)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 186, pl.65, figs.D7,♀,♂(Un). (Bangkok; Chiang Mai)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 186, pl.65, figs.N7,♀,♀(Un). (Bangkok; Chiang Mai)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs. (Chiang Mai; Sa Kaeo; Bangkok; Chachoengsao) (accessed: 2024.05.04)
Tirumala limniace exotica ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 28, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Ban Gok Tum; Bang Phu; Kao Khiewo; Bangkok)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 229, figs.Abb.Da-095-096. (Phang Nga)

[ LAOS ]
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 52, pl.32, figs.5,♀,6,♀(Un). (Tha Ngone)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 204, pl.42, fig.♂. (Nong Het)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 43.
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Onodera,2022 : 22, pl.79, figs.♀,♀(Un). (Luang Phabang: Hatgna)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Kosterin,2019b : 30, fig.19,[♀](Un). (Mondulkiri)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 114. (Mondulkiri; Stueng Treng)

[ VIETNAM ]
Danais limniace ; Joannis,1901 : 315. (Tonkin: Cao Bang)
Danais mutina ; Lemée,1950 : 64. (Saigon)
Danaus limniace limniace ; Metaye,1957 : 100. (N / C / S)
Danaus limniace limniace ; Metaye,1958a : 154, pl.1, fig.6,♂. (all over)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Morishita,1970 : 64-65, figs.5, ♂,(form limniace),♀(form leopardus). (Cholon; Trang Bom; Nhatrang)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Ikeda et al.,1999 : 50, figs.1:6,♂,7,♀,8,♀(Un),9:2(♂genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Luong et al.,2004 : 3, 37, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006 : 15, figs.D-5,♂♀. (Lam Dong: Dai Duc Me; Bin Thuan: Dong Tien)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Monastyrskii,2011 : 34, pl.5, figs.1a♂,1b♂(Un),1c♂,1d♀. (N: Huu Lien; Ba Vi; Tam Dao / C: Pu Mat; Vu Quang; Chu Yang Sin; Nui Chua; Yok Don / S: Lo Go Sa Mat; Cat Tien; Con Dao)
Tirumala limniace limniace ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 19. (N / C / S)

[ THAILAND ]
Chiang Mai : 5♂ (photo).

Jan

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Nan : 5♂ 3♀.

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Phetchaburi : 2♂.

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Prachuap Khiri Khan : 1♂.

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The butterfly is locally not rare in secondary and montane forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 150 - 550m). Both sexes visit flowers.
In the Indochina region, the nominotypical subspecies and ssp.exoticus are sympatric, although the proportion varies between localities. The trend is towards higher proportions of nominotypical subspecies in Vietnam, with increasing exoticus westwards and higher proportions of exoticus in Thailand. As mentioned by Kimura et al. (2016), it is possible that the entire Indochina region is a transitional zone between the two. However, as the two are currently mixed over a large area, the entire continent is treated as the nominotypical subspecies, following Morishita (1981).

Cramer, P.,1775 : De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique.
1(1/7): i-xxx, 1-16, 1-132, pls.1-84 ([31.Dec].1775), Amsteldam, S.J.Baalde; Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp.

Gmelin, J.F.,[1790] : In: Linnaeus, C., Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata.
Lipsiae, Georg Emanuel Beer. 1(5): [2] + 2225-3020.

Butler, A.G.,1866 : A Monograph of the diurnal Lepidoptera belonging to the Genus Danais, being a Revision of the Insects of that Genus, with Descriptions of new Species in the National Collection.
Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1866(1): 43-59, pl.4.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1910-1911 : 3. Familie: Danaidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde.
9: 191-216 (20.May.1910); 273-280 (13.Feb.1911), Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen.

Sonan, J.,1931 : Notes on some butterflies from Formosa. (2).
Zephyrus 3(3/4): 194-206, pl.15-17.

Dufrane, A.,1948 : Note sur les Danaidae.
Bull. mens. Soc. linn. Lyon 17(10): 192-194.

Morishita, K.,1981 : Danaidae. In: Tsukada, E. (Ed.), Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands 2.
Tokyo, Plapac co. Ltd. pp.439-628, pls.85-162. (in Japanese)

♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

1998.11.15 - 2025.04.30.