♂ (dsf), Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♀ (dsf), Uttaradit, Thailand.
♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♀, Bangkok, Thailand.

ON : Appias olferna Swinhoe, 1890 OD : Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6)5:358-359. TL : Maldah. Distribution : Nepal, India to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, W.Malaysia, Aur, Singapore, Sumatra, W.Java.

Papilio zelmira Stoll, 1780 : in Cramer, Uitl. Kapellen 4(26b-28):64, pl.320, figs.C[♀],D[♀(Un)]. TL. "Kust van Coromandel" [S.India].
Appias irvinii Swinhoe, 1890 : Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6)5:359-360. TL. Upper Burmah.
Appias libythea f. sopara Fruhstorfer, 1910 : in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9:147. TL.Siam ; Assam.

[ THAILAND ]
Appias libythea zelmira ; Godfrey,1916 : 114-115.
Appias libythea ; Godfrey,1930 : 225. (all over)
Appias libythea ; Godfrey,1931 : 192. (Ko Tao)
Appias libythea ; Godfrey,1932a : 265. (P)
Appias libythea olferna ; Pinratana,1983 : 16, pl.13, figs.27,♂,♀,♀. (Chiang Mai; Bangkok; Chonburi; Kanchanaburi; Loei; Nakhon Nayok; Nakhon Pathom; Nakhon Ratchasima; Nonthaburi; Chumphon; Petchaburi; Prae; Saraburi; Songkhla; Trang; Uthai Thani)
Appias olferna olferna ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 18, fig.42,♂. (Ubon Ratchathani: Kaeng Tana; Kaeng E-Keow)
Appias olferna olferna ; Katsuyama et al.,2006 : 46, fig.36,♂. (Nan: Ban Nam Poon)
Appias olferna olferna ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 148, pl.46, figa.Pi29,♂,♂(Un),♂(dsf,Un),♀,♀(Un),♀(dsf). (Bangkok; Phrae; Chanthaburi)
Appias olferna olferna ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Koh Samui) (accessed: 2022.09.22)
Appias olferna olferna ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 156, figa.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Sarika; Nakohn Nayok; Wan Nam Khiewo; Bang Phra; Kao Khiewo; Bang Sarrey; Sai York Noi; Erawan WF; Wang Kheo; Kanchanaburi; Kaeng Krachan; Ka Chong; Haadjai)
Appias olferna olferna ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 148, pl.46, figa.Pi29,♂,♂(Un),♂(Un,dsf),♀,♀(Un),♀(Un,dsf). (Bangkok; Phrae; Chanthaburi)
Appias olferna olferna ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Nakhon Ratchasima; Sa Kaeo; Bangkok; Saraburi; Chonburi; Chachoengsao; Trat; Phetchaburi) (accessed: 2022.09.22)
Appias olferna olferna ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 194-195, figs.Abb.Pi-049-054,123-141-2. (Phang Nga)

[ LAOS ]
Appias olferna olferna ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 49, pl.20, figs.3,♂,4,♂(Un),5,♀,6,♀(Un). (Vientiane; Tha Ngone; Nam Ngum Dam)
Appias libythea olferna ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 202, pl.34, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀. (Thabok; Vientiane)
Appias olferna olferna ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 42.
Appias offerna olferna ; Onodera,2022 : 16, pl.65, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Vientiane: Hinkhanna; Bolikhamxai: Lak Sao)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Appias libythea olferna ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 128. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Appias offerna olferna ; Kosterin,2019b : 26. (Ratanakiri)
Appias offerna olferna ; Kosterin,2020 : 313. (Siem Reap)
Appias offerna olferna ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 114. (Banteay Meanchey; Phnom Penh; Pursat; Siem Reap; Ratanakiri)

[ VIETNAM ]
Appias libythea zelmira ; Fruhstorfer,1910 : 148. (Annam)
Appias libythea zelmira ; Godfrey,1919 : 464. (S: Daban)
Appias libythea ; Lemée,1950 : 63. (Saigon)
Appias libythea libythea f.hib.ares ; Metaye,1957 : 85. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea libythea f.aest.♀zelima ; Metaye,1957 : 85. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea libythea f.aest.♂libythea ; Metaye,1957 : 85. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea zelmira f.hib.olferna ; Metaye,1957 : 86. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea zelmira f.vern.irvini ; Metaye,1957 : 86. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea zelmira f.aest.zelmira ; Metaye,1957 : 86. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 38. (Thua Thien Hue: Huong Thuy)
Appias libythea olferna ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006 : 11, figs.Pi-12,♂,♀. (Bin Thuan: Dong Tien; Ho Chi Minh)
Appias olferna olferna ; Nihira,2009 : 98. (Phu Quoc)
Appias olferna olferna ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 17. (C / S)
Appias olferna olferna ; Saito et al.,2017 : 78. (S: Nui Cam; Nui Coto; Nui Ket)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 1♂ 1♀.

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Chiang Rai : 1♂ (photo).

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Chiang Mai : 6♂ 6♀ (incl. photo).

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Uttaradit : 1♀.

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Kanchanaburi : 1♂ 1♀.

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Bangkok : 3♂ 1♀.

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Chonburi : 2♂ 1♀.

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Chanthaburi : 4♂.

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Phetchaburi :　2♂.

Jan

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Satun (Koh Tarutao) : 4♂.

Jan

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Yala :　1♂ 1♀ (photo by S.Atdhabhan).

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[ LAOS ]
Champasak : 2♂.

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The butterfly is very common in secondary forests and gardens at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1300m). Both sexes visit flowers, and males frequently come to the banks of streams and puddles to suck water.

Stoll, C.,1780-1782 :
In Cramer, De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique.
Amsteldam, S.J.Baalde; Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp.
4(26/28):29-90, pls.305-336 (1780), (29/31):91-164, pls.337-372 (1781), (32/34):165-252, pls.373-400 (1782)

Swinhoe, C.,1890 : New Species of Indian Butterflies.
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6)5:353-365.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1910 : 2. Familie: Pieridae in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9
145-152. (11.Feb.1910)

Yata, O., & Morishita, K.,1981 : Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands II, Pieridae, Danaidae.
Plapac co., Ltd. 628pp. (162 col. pls.) (in Japanese)

♂, Chiang Rai, Thailand.	♀ + ♂ (mating), Yala, Thailand. (photo by S.Atdhabhan)

1996.10.31 - 2024.03.31.