♂ (dsf), Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♀ (dsf), Uttaradit, Thailand.
♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♀, Bangkok, Thailand.

ON : Appias olferna Swinhoe, 1890 OD : Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6)5(29): 358-359. TL : "Maldah" [Malda, W.Bengal, India]. Distribution : Nepal, India to Myanmar, Yunnan, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, W.Malaysia, Aur, Singapore, Sumatra, W.Java.

Appias irvinii Swinhoe, 1890 : Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6)5(29): 359-360. TL. "Mandalay, Upper Burmah" [Mandalay, Myanmar].
Appias libythea form sopara Fruhstorfer, 1910 : In: Seitz, Gross-Schmetterl. Erde 9: 148. TL. 'Siam [Thailand]; Assam'.

[ THAILAND ]
Appias libythea zelmira ; Godfrey,1916 : 114-115.
Appias libythea ; Godfrey,1930 : 225. (all over)
Appias libythea ; Godfrey,1931 : 192. (Ko Tao)
Appias libythea ; Godfrey,1932a : 265. (P)
Appias libythea olferna ; Pinratana,1983 : 16, pl.13, figs.27,♂,♀,♀. (Chiang Mai; Bangkok; Chonburi; Kanchanaburi; Loei; Nakhon Nayok; Nakhon Pathom; Nakhon Ratchasima; Nonthaburi; Chumphon; Petchaburi; Prae; Saraburi; Songkhla; Trang; Uthai Thani)
Appias olferna olferna ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 18, fig.42,♂. (Ubon Ratchathani: Kaeng Tana; Kaeng E-Keow)
Appias olferna olferna ; Katsuyama et al.,2006 : 46, fig.36,♂. (Nan: Ban Nam Poon)
Appias libythea olferna ; RDPB & DNP,2006-2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.[♀](Un). (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.31 ; accessed: 2024.04.11)
Appias olferna olferna ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 148, pl.46, figa.Pi29,♂,♂(Un),♂(dsf,Un),♀,♀(Un),♀(dsf). (Bangkok; Phrae; Chanthaburi)
Appias olferna olferna ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Koh Samui) (accessed: 2022.09.22)
Appias olferna olferna ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 156, figa.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Sarika; Nakohn Nayok; Wan Nam Khiewo; Bang Phra; Kao Khiewo; Bang Sarrey; Sai York Noi; Erawan WF; Wang Kheo; Kanchanaburi; Kaeng Krachan; Ka Chong; Haadjai)
Appias olferna olferna ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 148, pl.46, figa.Pi29,♂,♂(Un),♂(Un,dsf),♀,♀(Un),♀(Un,dsf). (Bangkok; Phrae; Chanthaburi)
Appias olferna olferna ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Nakhon Ratchasima; Sa Kaeo; Bangkok; Saraburi; Chonburi; Chachoengsao; Trat; Phetchaburi) (accessed: 2022.09.22)
Appias olferna olferna ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 194-195, figs.Abb.Pi-049-054,123-141-2. (Phang Nga)

[ LAOS ]
Appias olferna olferna ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 49, pl.20, figs.3,♂,4,♂(Un),5,♀,6,♀(Un). (Vientiane; Tha Ngone; Nam Ngum Dam)
Appias libythea olferna ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 202, pl.34, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀. (Thabok; Vientiane)
Appias olferna olferna ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 42.
Appias olferna olferna ; Onodera,2022 : 16, pl.65, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Vientiane: Hinkhanna; Bolikhamxai: Lak Sao)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Appias libythea olferna ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 128. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Appias olferna olferna ; Kosterin,2019b : 26. (Ratanakiri)
Appias olferna olferna ; Kosterin,2020 : 313. (Siem Reap)
Appias olferna olferna ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 114. (Banteay Meanchey; Phnom Penh; Pursat; Siem Reap; Ratanakiri)

[ VIETNAM ]
Appias libythea zelmira ; Fruhstorfer,1910 : 148. (Annam)
Appias libythea zelmira ; Godfrey,1919 : 464. (S: Daban)
Appias libythea ; Lemée,1950 : 63. (Saigon)
Appias libythea libythea f.hib. ares ; Metaye,1957 : 85. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea libythea f.aest.♀ zelima ; Metaye,1957 : 85. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea libythea f.aest.♂ libythea ; Metaye,1957 : 85. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea zelmira f.hib. olferna ; Metaye,1957 : 86. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea zelmira f.vern. irvini ; Metaye,1957 : 86. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea zelmira f.aest. zelmira ; Metaye,1957 : 86. (N / C / S)
Appias libythea ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 38. (Thua Thien Hue: Huong Thuy)
Appias libythea olferna ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006 : 11, figs.Pi-12,♂,♀. (Bin Thuan: Dong Tien; Ho Chi Minh)
Appias olferna olferna ; Nihira,2009 : 98. (Phu Quoc)
Appias olferna olferna ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 17. (C / S)
Appias olferna olferna ; Saito et al.,2017 : 78. (S: Nui Cam; Nui Coto; Nui Ket)
Appias olferna olferna ; Monastyrskii,2024 : 77-78, pl.20, figs.1a♂,1b♀,1c♀(Un);. (C: Pu Mat; Vu Quang; Phong Nha-Ke Bang; Phong Dien/Dak Rong; Huong Thuy; Ba Na; Kon Ka Kinh; Yok Don; Nui Chua / S: Cat Tien; Binh Chau; Con Dao)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 1♂ 1♀.

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Chiang Rai : 1♂ (photo).

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Chiang Mai : 6♂ 6♀ (incl. photo).

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Uttaradit : 1♀.

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Kanchanaburi : 1♂ 1♀.

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Bangkok : 3♂ 1♀.

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Chonburi : 2♂ 1♀.

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Chanthaburi : 4♂.

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Phetchaburi :　2♂.

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Satun (Koh Tarutao) : 4♂.

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Yala :　1♂ 1♀ (photo by S.Atdhabhan).

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[ LAOS ]
Champasak : 2♂.

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The butterfly is very common in secondary forests and gardens at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1300m). Both sexes visit flowers, and males frequently come to the banks of streams and puddles to suck water.

Zhang et al. (2021) revived Catophaga and treated it as an independent genus. This treatment is generally considered acceptable. However, a comprehensive analysis of the genus Appias (including Catophaga and Saletara) has not yet been conducted. Therefore, Catophaga is provisionally included in the genus Appias here.

Swinhoe, C.,1890 : New Species of Indian Butterflies.
Ann. Mag. nat. Hist. (6)5(29): 353-365.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1910 : 2. Familie: Pieridae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde.
9: 145-152 (11.Feb.1910), Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen.

Yata, O.,1981 : Pieridae. In: Tsukada, E. (Ed.), Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands 2.
Tokyo, Plapac co., Ltd. pp.205-438, pls.1-84. (in Japanese)

Wahlberg, N., Rota, J., Braby, M.F., Pierce, N.E. and Wheat, C.W.,2014 :
Revised systematics and higher classification of pierid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) based on molecular data.
Zoologica Scripta 43: 641–650.

Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J., Opler, P.A. & Grishin, N.V.,2021 : Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy.
Taxon. Rep. Int. Lep. Survey 9(3): 1-54.

♂, Chiang Rai, Thailand.	♀ + ♂ (mating), Yala, Thailand. (photo by S.Atdhabhan)

1996.10.31 - 2025.04.30.