♂, Songkhla, Thailand.		♀, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)
♂, Phetchabun, Thailand.		♀, Nan, Thailand.
♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♀, Chiang Rai, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)
♂ (var.), Chanthaburi, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♀, Chonburi, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)
♀, Phetchaburi, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♀, Khammouan, Laos. (photo by A.M.Cotton)

ON : Papilio romulus Cramer, 1775 OD : Uitl. Kapellen 1: 67, pl.43, fig.A♀. TL : "Côtes de Coromandel & de Ceylon" [S.E.India & Sri Lanka]. Distribution : Sri Lanka, Nepal, India to Myanmar, S.Yunnan, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Langkawi, W.Malaysia, Tioman, Aur, Singapore. ● ssp.romulus ● hybrid zone of latreilloides and polytes

Papilio mutius Fabricius, 1793 : Ent. syst. 3(1): 3. TL. "Tranquebariae" [Tharangambadi, S.E.India]. (NHMD)
Papilio cyrus Fabricius, 1793 : Ent. syst. 3(1): 7. TL. "[unknown]". (NHMD)
Papilio astyanax Fabricius, 1793 : Ent. syst. 3(1): 13. TL. India. (homonym)
Princeps heroicus stichius Hübner, [1808] : Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl.[112], figs.1,♀, 2,♀(Un). TL. not stated.
Papilio polytes var. ceylanicus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864 : Verh. zool.-boot. Ges. Wien. 14: 319, 367. TL. "Ceylon (Rambodde)" [Ramboda, Sri Lanka]. (NHML)
Papilio polytes pammon f. cyroides Fruhstorfer, 1909 : Ent. Zeit. 22(43): 178. Loc. Sikkim. (NHML) (IFS)
Papilio polytes neomelanides Fruhstorfer, 1909 : Ent. Zeit. 22(43): 178. TL. 'Perak, [W.Malaysia]; Singapore'.
Papilio polytes ♀f. rubida Fruhstorfer, 1909 : Ent. Zeit. 22(43): 179. Loc. Malabar [S.W.India]. (NHML) (IFS)
Papilio polytes romulus ♂ab. astreans Jordan, 1909 : In: Seitz, Gross-Schmetterl. Erde 9: 61. TL. S.India.
Papilio polytes ab. chrysos Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912 : Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1912(11): 247. Loc. Pnom-Penh, Cambodge. (MNHN) (IFS)
Papilio chalcas Fabricius, 1938 : In: Bryk. Syst. Glossat.: 24. TL. Asiae Chalcas. (homonym)
Papilio chalcaevorus Fabricius, 1938 : In: Bryk. Syst. Glossat.: 24. TL. Asiae Chalcas.
Papilio polytes romulus f. joannisi Dufrane, 1946 : Bull. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 82: 116. Loc. "Tonkin" [N.Vietnam]. (IFS)
Papilio polytes romulus ab. obliterata Dufrane, 1946 : Bull. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 82: 116. Loc. "Hoa Binh, Tonkin" [Hoa Binh, N.Vietnam]. (IFS)
Papilio polytes romulus ab. coomani Dufrane, 1946 : Bull. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 82: 116. Loc. "Hoa Binh, Tonkin" [Hoa Binh, N.Vietnam]. (IFS)
Papilio polytes romulus f.indiv.♀ rufopalmata Rousseau-Decelle, 1947 : Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 51: 129. Loc. "Naga Hills, Assam". (IFS)
Papilio polytes romulus ♂f. abdulazizia Tung, 1982 : Tokurana 4: 58-59, pl.10, figs.1,♂, 2,♂(Un). Loc. 7th Mile, Cameron Highlands, Perak, [W.Malaysia]. (in coll. V.W.Y.Tung) (IFS)

mutius ; 3♀, Syntypes, det. R.I.Vane-Wright,1977 (NHMD, photo examined)
cyrus ; ♀, Type, det. R.I.Vane-Wright,1977 (NHMD, photo examined)
ceylanicus ; ♀, Syn or holotype, Rambodde. det. R.I.Vane-Wright,1979 (NHML, examined)
cyroides ; ♀, Type (red), Darjeeling, Sikkim. (NHML, examined)
rubida ; ♀, Type (red), Malabar, India. (NHML, examined)

[ THAILAND ]
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1916 : 110.
Papilio polytes polytes ; Pendlebury,1923 : 24. (Nakhon Sri Thammarat: Tai Sai River; Wat Kiriwong; Khao Ram)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1927 : 120. (N)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1930 : 213. (all over)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1931 : 191. (Ko Tao)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1932a : 264. (P)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Pinratana,1977 : 39, figs.P28,♂,♀(f. cyrus), ♀(f. polytes) ; 40, fig.P28,♀,♀(ab.). (all over)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Pinratana & Eliot,1992 : 24,43, pl.38, figs.30,♂,♀(f. polytes),♂(Un). (every where)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 251, fig.40,♂. (Mukdahan: Phu Pha Thaep; Ban Naudom)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 16. (Mukdahan: Nam Tok Tad Ton; Phu Mu; Ban Na Lak; Ubon Ratchathani: Kaeng Tana; Kaeng E-Keow)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 45. (Ubon Ratchathani: Phu Chong Na Yoi; Phu Pung; Don Far Huan; Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Hin Khan; Phu Huai Sing; Nam Tok Tad Ton)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Katsuyama et al.,2005 : 64, fig.43,♂. (Umphang)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Katsuyama et al.,2006 : 46, fig.28,♂. (Nan: Ban Nam Poon)
Papilio polytes romulus ; RDPB & DNP,2006–2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.♂(Un). (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.28 ; accessed: 2024.04.10)
Papilio polytes romulus ; RDPB & DNP,2006–2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.♀. (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.28 ; accessed: 2024.04.10)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 82, pl.12, figs.P29,♂,♂(Un),♂ ; pl.13, figs.29,♀,♀(Un)(f. cyrus), ♀,♀(Un)(f. polytes). (Pathum Thani; Chiang Dao; Trat)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Les Day,2011–2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Koh Samui) (accessed: 2022.01.19)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 125, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un); f. cyrus♀,♀(Un); f. polytes♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Doi Suthep; Thung Saleng Luang; Phu Kradung; Phu Khiewo; Khao Yai; Sarika; Nakohn Nayork; Wan Nam Khiewo; Kao Soi Dao; Kratchin WF; Khao Phoon; Pliewn WF; Khao Khiewo; Bang Phra; Bangkok; Erawan WF; Kuwai Yai; Kaeng Krachan; Ka Chong; Sai Kao WF; Sonkhula; Haadjai; Than To WF.)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 82, pl.12, figs.P27,♂,♂(Un),♂ ; pl.13, fig.27,♀,♀(Un)(f. cyrus), ♀,♀(Un)(f. polytes). (Pathum Thani; Chiang Dao)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 6. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 159-160, figs.Abb.Pa-089-094,206-241. (Phang Nga)
Papilio polytes romulus ; K. Chaianunporn & T. Chaianunporn,2019 : 87. (Chaiyaphum: Chulabhorn Dam)
Papilio polytes ; Chueamueangphan et al.,2025 : 209. (Phayao: Mae Puem N.P.)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Nishimura,2025 : 28, figs.101,♂,101v♂(Un),101-2,♀,101-2v♀(Un). (Mae Hong Son: Kung Mai Sak; Na Pu Pon)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Sophonviwatkul et al.,2015– : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Phetchabun; Sa Kaeo; Saraburi; Bangkok; Nakhon Nayok; Chonburi; Chachoengsao; Phetchaburi; Nakhon Si Thammarat; Yala) (accessed: 2026.06.20)

[ LAOS ]
Papilio polytes romulus ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 46, pl.7, figs.1,♂,2,♂(Un),3,♀,4,♀(Un). (LTN; Vientiane; Luang Prabang; Ban Houei Sai; Nam Ngum Dam)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Osada et al.,1999 : 200, pl.12, figs.♂,♂,♂(Un),♀. (Vientiane; Nam Dhua; Lak Sao; Thakhek)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 38. (Namdhua)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Cotton & Racheli,[2007] : 354-356. (Thabok; Hinboun; Koun Ngun)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 41.
Papilio polytes romulus ; Onodera,2022 : 6, pl.25, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Bolikhamxai: Lak Sao; Luang Phabang: Thapen)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Papilio polytes ab. chryson ; Dubois & Vitalis,1914 : 149. (Cambodge)
Papilio polytes ab. chryson ; Vitalis,1919 : 214. (Cambodge)
Papilio polytes ab. chryson ; Dubois & Vitalis,1921 : 13. (Cambodge)
Papilio polytes ; Onodera,2007 : 23, fig.6,♂. (Rattanakiri: Kalai)
Papilio polytes ; Onodera,2008 : 60,61. (Mondolkiri: Romonea; Bousra)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 128. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Kosterin,2019 : 89. (Koh Kong; Preah Sihanouk)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Kosterin,2019b : 26. (Ratanakiri; Mondulkiri)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Kosterin,2020 : 313. (Siem Reap)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 113. (Kep; Koh Kong; Kandal; Mondulkiri; Phnom Penh; Preah Sihanouk; Pursat; Ratanakiri; Siem Reap)

[ VIETNAM ]
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1919 : 464. (S: Daban)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Moulton,1923 : 132. (Pulo Condore)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Metaye,1957 : 82. (N / C / S)
Papilio polytes romulus f.♀ romulus ; Metaye,1957 : 82. (N / C / S)
Papilio polytes romulus f.♀ cyrus ; Metaye,1957 : 82. (N / C / S)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Ikeda et al.,1998 : 17, figs.4:4♂,5♀, 9:8(♂genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Shinkai,1999 : 54-55. (N: Tam Dao / S: Bao Lac)
Papilio polytes ; Vu,2003 : 56. (Phu Quoc)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Luong et al.,2004 : 1, 24, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Miyazaki et al.,2006 : 7, figs.Pa-15,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dong Nai: Thac Mai; Bin Thuan: Dong Tien; Ho Chi Minh)
Papilio polytes ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 38. (Thua Thien Hue: Nam Dong; A Luoi; Huong Thuy; Phong Dien; Bach Ma)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Monastyrskii,2007 : 59-61, pl.15, figs.c♂(f. pammon),d♂[♀](f. mandane),e♀(f. polytes),f♀(f. polytes),g♀(f. polytes),k♀(f. cyrus). (N / C / S) (partim)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Nihira,2009 : 97, fig.♀. (Phu Quoc)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 13. (C / S)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Saito et al.,2017 : 77. (S: Nui Cam; Nui Coto; Nui Ket)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Saito et al.,2021 : 461. (Phu Quoc)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Rai : 2♂ 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 10♂ 7♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phrae : 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nan : 4♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchabun : 1♂ 1♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Nayok : 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Bangkok : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chonburi : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 4♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trat : 1♂ 2♀ (photo by E.Ikari).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchaburi : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Ranong: 1♂ (photo by E.Ikari).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Si Thammarat : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Songkhla : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yala : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Vientiane : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Bolikhamxai : 12♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Khammouan : 6♂ 10♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Champasak : 2♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Vinh Phuc : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lam Dong : 2♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Bin Thuan : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is very common in secondary forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1300m) and it is often seen in urban areas. Both sexes visit flowers. Males form flight paths along streams or forest edges, and are frequently observed mud-puddling along stream banks and at puddles.
Both males and females are highly variable in their markings, especially females, which are polymorphic.

Cramer, P.,1775 : Uitlandsche Kapellen. voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America, by een verzameld en bescreeven.
1(1/7): i-xxx, 1-16, 1-132, pls.1-84 ([31.Dec].1775), Amsterdam. Baalde, and Utrecht, Wild.

Fabricius, J.C.,1793 : Entomologia systematica emedata et aucta. secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus.
3(1): [iv] + 488 pp. Copenhagen. C.G.Proft.

Hübner, J.,[1808] : Sammlung Exotischer Schmetterlinge.
1: pls. [3, 31, 37, 46, 54, 58, 62, 76, 84, 92, 95, 105, 112-113, 117, 137-138, 146, 154, 158, 180, 209] ([1808]), Augsburg, Jacob Hübner.

Felder, C. & Felder, R.,1864 : Species Lepidopterorum hucusque descriptae vel iconibus expressae in seriem systematicum digestae.
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14: 289-378.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1909 : Neue asiatische Papilio-Rassen.
Ent. Zeit. 22(43): 177-179. (23.Jan.1909)

Jordan, K.,1909 : Die Indo-Australische Tagfalter. Papilionidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde.
9: 57-64, Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen.

Boullet, E. & Le Cerf, F.,1912 : Descriptions sommarires de formes nouvelles de Papilionidae (Lep). de la collection du Muséum de Paris (2e note).
Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1912(11): 246-247.

Fabricius, J.C.,1938 : In: Bryk, F., Systema Glossatorum Secundum Ordines, Genera, Species Adiectis Synonymi Locis, Observationibus, Descriptionibus.
i-xii, 13-112.

Dufrane, A.,1946 : Papilionidae.
Bull. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 82: 101-122.

Rousseau-Decelle, G.,1947 : Contribution a letude des Papilio de la faune Indo-Oceanienne (Lep. Papilionidae).
Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 51: 128-133.

Tung, V.W.Y.,1982 : Notes on variant forms of Malaysian Butterflies.
Tokurana (Acta Rhopalocera) 4: 57-64, 3 pls.

Hu, S.J, Cotton, A.M., Lamas, G, Duan, K. & Zhang, X.,2023 : Checklist of Yunnan Papilionidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidea) with nomenclatural notes and descriptions of new subspecies.
Zootaxa 5362(1): 001-069.

♂, Yala, Thailand.	♀, Phetchabun, Thailand.

1996.10.02 - 2026.06.30.