♂, Songkhla, Thailand.		♀, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)
♂, Phetchabun, Thailand.		♀, Nan, Thailand.
♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♀, Chiang Rai, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)
♂ (var.), Chanthaburi, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♀, Chonburi, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)
♀, Phetchaburi, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♀, Khammouan, Laos. (photo by A.M.Cotton)

ON : Papilio romulus Cramer, 1775 OD : Uitl. Kapellen 1:67, pl.43, fig.A♀. TL : "Côtes de Coromandel & de Ceylon" [SE. India & Sri Lanka]. Distribution : Sri Lanka, Nepal, India to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, S. Yunnan, Langkawi, W. Malaysia, Tioman, Aur, Singapore. ● ssp.romulus ● hybrid zone of latreilloides and polytes

Papilio mutius Fabricius, 1793 : Ent. syst. 3(1):3. TL. "Tranquebariae" [Tharangambadi, S.E.India]. (NHMD)
Papilio cyrus Fabricius, 1793 : Ent. syst. 3(1):7. TL. "[unknown]" (NHMD)
Papilio astyanax Fabricius, 1793 : Ent. syst. 3(1):13. TL. India. (homonym)
Princeps heroicus stichius Hübner, [1808] : Samml. exot. Schmett. 1: pl.[112], figs.1,♀,2,♀(Un). TL. [not stated].
Papilio polytes var. ceylanicus C. Felder & R. Felder, 1864 : Verh. zool.-boot. Ges. Wien. 14:319,367. TL. "Ceylon (Rambodde)" [Ramboda, Sri Lanka]. (♀, NHML)
Papilio polytes pammon f. cyroides Fruhstorfer, 1909 : Ent. Zeit. 22(43):178. TL. Sikkim. (♀, NHML) (IFS)
Papilio polytes neomelanides Fruhstorfer, 1909 : Ent. Zeit. 22(43):178. TL. Perak ; Singapore. (♂♀)
Papilio polytes ♀f. rubida Fruhstorfer, 1909 : Ent. Zeit. 22(43):179. TL. Malabar [S.W.India]. (♀, NHML) (IFS)
Papilio polytes romulus ♂ab. astreans Jordan, 1909 : in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9:61. TL. S.India. (♂)
Papilio polytes ab. chrysos Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912 : Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1912(11):247. TL. "Cambodge, Pnom-Penh" [Phnom Penh, Cambodia]. (♂, MNHN) (IFS)
Papilio chalcas Fabricius, 1938 : In Bryk. Syst. Glossat. :24. TL. Asiae Chalcas. (homonym)
Papilio chalcaevorus Fabricius, 1938 : In Bryk. Syst. Glossat. :24. TL. Asiae Chalcas.
Papilio polytes romulus f. joannisi Dufrane, 1946 : Bull. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 82:116. TL. Tonkin. (♂) (IFS)
Papilio polytes romulus ab. obliterata Dufrane, 1946 : Bull. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 82:116. TL. Hoa Binh, Tonkin. (♂) (IFS)
Papilio polytes romulus ab. coomani Dufrane, 1946 : Bull. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 82:116. TL. Hoa Binh, Tonkin. (♀) (IFS)
Papilio polytes romulus f.indiv.♀ rufopalmata Rousseau-Decelle, 1947 : Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 51:129. TL. Naga Hills, Assam.(♀) (IFS)
Papilio polytes romulus ♂f. abdulazizia Tung, 1982 : Tokurana 4:58-59, pl.10, figs.1,♂,2,♂(Un). TL. 7th Mile, Cameron Highlands, Perak, [Malaysia]. (♂, in coll. V.W.Y.Tung) (IFS)

mutius ; 3♀, Syntypes, det. R.I.Vane-Wright,1977 (NHMD, photo examined)
cyrus ; ♀, Type, det. R.I.Vane-Wright,1977 (NHMD, photo examined)
ceylanicus ; ♀, Syn or holotype, Rambodde. det. R.I.Vane-Wright,1979 (NHML, examined)
cyroides ; ♀, Type (red), Darjeeling, Sikkim. (NHML, examined)
rubida ; ♀, Type (red), Malabar, India. (NHML, examined)

[ THAILAND ]
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1916 : 110.
Papilio polytes polytes ; Pendlebury,1923 : 24. (Nakhon Sri Thammarat: Tai Sai River; Wat Kiriwong; Khao Ram)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1927 : 120. (N)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1930 : 213. (all over)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1931 : 191. (Ko Tao)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1932a : 264. (P)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Pinratana,1977 : 39, figs.P28,♂,♀(f. cyrus), ♀(f. polytes) ; 40, fig.P28,♀,♀(ab.). (all over)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Pinratana & Eliot,1992 : 24,43, pl.38, figs.30,♂,♀(f. polytes),♂(Un). (every where)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 251, fig.40,♂. (Mukdahan: Phu Pha Thaep; Ban Naudom)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 16. (Mukdahan: Nam Tok Tad Ton; Phu Mu; Ban Na Lak; Ubon Ratchathani: Kaeng Tana; Kaeng E-Keow)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 45. (Ubon Ratchathani: Phu Chong Na Yoi; Phu Pung; Don Far Huan; Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Hin Khan; Phu Huai Sing; Nam Tok Tad Ton)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Katsuyama et al.,2005 : 64, fig.43,♂. (Umphang)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Katsuyama et al.,2006 : 46, fig.28,♂. (Nan: Ban Nam Poon)
Papilio polytes romulus ; RDPB & DNP,2006-2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.♂(Un). (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.28 ; accessed: 2024.04.10)
Papilio polytes romulus ; RDPB & DNP,2006-2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.♀. (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.28 ; accessed: 2024.04.10)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 82, pl.12, figs.P29,♂,♂(Un),♂ ; pl.13, figs.29,♀,♀(Un)(f. cyrus), ♀,♀(Un)(f. polytes). (Pathum Thani; Chiang Dao; Trat)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Koh Samui) (accessed: 2022.01.19)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 125, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un); f. cyrus♀,♀(Un); f. polytes♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Doi Suthep; Thung Saleng Luang; Phu Kradung; Phu Khiewo; Khao Yai; Sarika; Nakohn Nayork; Wan Nam Khiewo; Kao Soi Dao; Kratchin WF; Khao Phoon; Pliewn WF; Khao Khiewo; Bang Phra; Bangkok; Erawan WF; Kuwai Yai; Kaeng Krachan; Ka Chong; Sai Kao WF; Sonkhula; Haadjai; Than To WF.)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 82, pl.12, figs.P27,♂,♂(Un),♂ ; pl.13, fig.27,♀,♀(Un)(f. cyrus), ♀,♀(Un)(f. polytes). (Pathum Thani; Chiang Dao)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 6. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Papilio polytes romulus ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs. (Phetchabun; Sa Kaeo; Saraburi; Bangkok; Chonburi; Chachoengsao; Phetchaburi; Nakhon Si Thammarat; Yala) (accessed: 2023.05.16)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 159-160, figs.Abb.Pa-089-094,206-241. (Phang Nga)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Chaianunporn & Chaianunporn,2019 : 87. (Chaiyaphum: Chulabhorn Dam)

[ LAOS ]
Papilio polytes romulus ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 46, pl.7, figs.1,♂,2,♂(Un),3,♀,4,♀(Un). (LTN; Vientiane; Luang Prabang; Ban Houei Sai; Nam Ngum Dam)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 200, pl.12, figs.♂,♂,♂(Un),♀. (Vientiane; Nam Dhua; Lak Sao; Thakhek)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 38. (Namdhua)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Cotton & Racheli,[2007] : 354-356. (Thabok; Hinboun; Koun Ngun)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 41.
Papilio polytes romulus ; Onodera,2022 : 6, pl.25, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Bolikhamxai: Lak Sao; Luang Phabang: Thapen)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Papilio polytes ab. chryson ; Dubois & Vitalis,1914 : 149. (Cambodge)
Papilio polytes ab. chryson ; Vitalis,1919 : 214. (Cambodge)
Papilio polytes ab. chryson ; Dubois & Vitalis,1921 : 13. (Cambodge)
Papilio polytes ; Onodera,2007 : 23, fig.6,♂. (Rattanakiri: Kalai)
Papilio polytes ; Onodera,2008 : 60,61. (Mondolkiri: Romonea; Bousra)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 128. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Kosterin,2019 : 89. (Koh Kong; Preah Sihanouk)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Kosterin,2019b : 26. (Ratanakiri; Mondulkiri)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Kosterin,2020 : 313. (Siem Reap)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 113. (Kep; Koh Kong; Kandal; Mondulkiri; Phnom Penh; Preah Sihanouk; Pursat; Ratanakiri; Siem Reap)

[ VIETNAM ]
Papilio polytes polytes ; Godfrey,1919 : 464. (S: Daban)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Moulton,1923 : 132. (Pulo Condore)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Metaye,1957 : 82. (N / C / S)
Papilio polytes romulus f.♀ romulus ; Metaye,1957 : 82. (N / C / S)
Papilio polytes romulus f.♀ cyrus ; Metaye,1957 : 82. (N / C / S)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Ikeda et al.,1998 : 17, figs.4:4♂,5♀, 9:8(♂genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Shinkai,1999 : 54-55. (N: Tam Dao / S: Bao Lac)
Papilio polytes ; Vu,2003 : 56. (Phu Quoc)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Luong et al.,2004 : 1, 24, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Papilio polytes polytes ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006 : 7, figs.Pa-15,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dong Nai: Thac Mai; Bin Thuan: Dong Tien; Ho Chi Minh)
Papilio polytes ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 38. (Thua Thien Hue: Nam Dong; A Luoi; Huong Thuy; Phong Dien; Bach Ma)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Monastyrskii,2007 : 59-61, pl.15, figs.c♂(f. pammon),d♂[♀](f. mandane),e♀(f. polytes),f♀(f. polytes),g♀(f. polytes),k♀(f. cyrus). (N / C / S) (in part)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Nihira,2009 : 97, fig.♀. (Phu Quoc)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 13. (C / S)
Papilio polytes romulus ; Saito et al.,2017 : 77. (S: Nui Cam; Nui Coto; Nui Ket)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Rai : 2♂ 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 10♂ 7♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phrae : 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nan : 4♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchabun : 1♂ 1♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Nayok : 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Bangkok : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chonburi : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 4♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trat : 1♂ 2♀ (photo by E.Ikari).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchaburi : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Ranong: 1♂ (photo by E.Ikari).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Si Thammarat : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Songkhla : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yala : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Vientiane : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Bolikhamxai : 12♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Khammouan : 6♂ 10♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Champasak : 2♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Vinh Phuc : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lam Dong : 2♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Bin Thuan : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is very common in secondary forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1300m) and it is often seen in urban areas. Both sexes visit flowers. Males form flight paths along streams or forest edges, and frequently come to the banks of streams and puddles to suck water.
Both males and females are highly variable in their markings, especially females, which are polymorphic.

Cramer, P.,1775-1776 :
Uitlandsche Kapellen. voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America, by een verzameld en bescreeven.
Amsterdam. Baalde, and Utrecht, Wild. 1(1-7):xxx + 16 + 132pp, pl.1-84, (1775) ; 1(8):133-156, pl.85-96, (1776).

Fabricius, J.C.,1793 : Entomologia systematica emedata et aucta. secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus.
3(1): [iv] + 488 pp. Copenhagen. C.G.Proft.

Hübner, J.,[1806]-[1819] : Sammlung Exotischer Schmetterlinge.
Augsburg, Jacob Hübner. Vol. 1: [12] pp., [213] pls.

Felder, C. & Felder, R.,1864 : Species Lepidopterorum hucusque descriptae vel iconibus expressae in seriem systematicum digestae.
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 14:289-378.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1909 : Neue asiatische Papilio-Rassen.
Ent. Zeit. 22(43):177-179.

Jordan, K.,1909 : Die Indo-Australische Tagfalter. Papilionidae in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde
9:57-64.

Boullet, E. & Le Cerf, F.,1912 : Descriptions sommarires de formes nouvelles de Papilionidae (Lep). de la collection du Muséum de Paris (2e note).
Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1912(11):246-247.

Fabricius, J.C.,1938 : In Bryk, Systema Glossatorum Secundum Ordines, Genera, Species Adiectis Synonymi Locis, Observationibus, Descriptionibus
i-xii, 13-112.

Dufrane, A.,1946 : Papilionidae
Bull. Annls Soc. ent. Belg. 82:101-122.

Rousseau-Decelle, G.,1947 : Contribution a letude des Papilio de la faune Indo-Oceanienne (Lep. Papilionidae)
Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 51:128-133.

Tung, V.W.Y.,1982 : Notes on variant forms of Malaysian Butterflies
Tokurana (Acta Rhopalocera) 4:57-64, 3 pls.

Hu, S.J, Cotton, A.M., Lamas, G, Duan, K. & Zhang, X.,2023 : Checklist of Yunnan Papilionidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionidea) with nomenclatural notes and descriptions of new subspecies
Zootaxa 5362(1):001-069.

♂, Yala, Thailand.	♀, Phetchabun, Thailand.

1996.10.02 - 2024.04.30.