♂, Yala, Thailand.		♀, Yala, Thailand.
♂, Ranong, Thailand.		♀, Ranong, Thailand.
♂, Ranong, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♂, Phuket, Thailand.
♂, Satun, Thailand.		♂, Yala, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)

ON : Papilio nephelus annulus Pendlebury, 1936 OD : J. Fed. Malay St. Mus. 18(1):180-181. TL : Nakhon Sri Tamarat ; Trang, P.Siam. Distribution : S.Myanmar, P.Thailand, Langkawi, W.Malaysia (North). ● ssp.chaon ● transition zone of chaon and annulus ● ssp.annulus ● hybrid zone of annulus and Papilio nephelus

Papilio chaon raya Corbet, 1937 : Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B)6(3):46. TL. Langkawi, [Kedah, Malaysia]. (♂, NHML)

raya ;
♂, Holotype (red), 6.Sep.1932. Pulau Langkawi, A.S.Corbet (NHML, examined)
♀, Allotype (red), 6.Sep.1932. Pulau Langkawi, A.S.Corbet (NHML, examined)

[ THAILAND ]
Papilio nephelus saturnus ; Pendlebury,1923 : 23. (Nakhon Sri Thammarat: Khao Ram)
Papilio nephelus saturnus ; Godfrey,1930 : 212. (Bangnara; Nakhon Sri Thammarat)
Papilio chaon chaon ; Godfrey,1932a : 264. (P)
Papilio nephelus saturnus ; Godfrey,1932a : 264. (P)
Papilio nephelus raya ; Pinratana,1977 : 34, figs.P24b♀,♀(Un). (in part)
Papilio nephelus annulus ; Pinratana & Eliot,1992 : 23,42, pl.32, fig.27b♂(Un) ; pl.33, figs.27b♂,♀. (Trang)
Papilio nephelus annulus ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 80, pl.12, figs.P28b♂,♂(Un). (Krabi)
Papilio nephelus sunatus ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : pl.12, fig.P28c,♂(bottom). (in part)
Papilio nephelus annulus ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.[♂],[♂](Un). (Koh Samui) (accessed: 2022.01.19)
Papilio nephelus annulus ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 124, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Key Rap Nam; Ka Chong)
Papilio nephelus annulus ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 80, pl.12, figs.P26b♂,♂(Un). (Krabi; Phuket; Ranong)
Papilio nephelus sunatus ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : pl.12, fig.P26c♂(bottom). (in part)
Papilio nephelus sunatus ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 158, figs.Abb.Pa-080-081. (Phang Nga)
Papilio nephelus annulus ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2023- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs. (Nakhon Si Thammarat; Yala) (accessed: 2023.05.16)

[ THAILAND ]
Ranong : 5♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phangnga : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phuket : 3♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Si Thammarat : 2♀ (photo by A.Giudici).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Satun (Koh Tarutao) : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yala : 3♂ 1♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

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Dec

Condamine et al.,2023 divided the taxon nephelus into two species, nephelus and chaon, based on molecular analysis.
The butterfly is common in montane forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 30 - 600m). Both sexes visit flowers. Males form flight paths along streams or forest edges, and frequently come to the banks of streams and puddles to suck water.
As mentioned in Papilio chaon chaon, the area from Tak to Phetchaburi is a transition zone between ssp.chaon and ssp.annulus. These intermediate individuals occasionally occur in Chiang Mai, N.Thailand and Ranong, P.Thailand.
On the other hand, this taxon is mainly found south of Ranong. However, it is found sympatric with Papilio nephelus sunatus from Hat Yai to Yala and hybrid individuals between the two species are occasionally seen. This area seems to be a hybrid zone of both species. Further taxonomic and distributional studies are needed.

Pendlebury, H.M.,1936 : Some new records of butterflies from the Malay Peninsula.
J. Fed. Malay St. Mus. 18(1):178-186.

Corbet, A.S.,1937 : Observations on Species of Papilionidae, Pieridae and Danaidae from the Malay Peninsula.
Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B)6(3):45-52.

Eliot, J.N.,1978 ; In Corbet & Pendlebury. The Butterflies of the Malay Peninsula, edn. 3.
Malayan Nature Society, Kuala Lumpur.

Condamine, F.L., Allio, R., Reboud, E.L., Dupuis, J.R., Toussaint, E.F.A., Mazet, N., Hu, S.J., Lewis, D.S., Kunte, K., Cotton, A.M. & Sperling, F.A.H.,2023 :
A comprehensive phylogeny and revised taxonomy illuminate the origin and diversification of the global radiation of Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 183 (2023) 107758:1-22.

♂, Yala, Thailand.	♀, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. (photo by A.Giudici)
♂, Yala, Thailand.	♀, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. (photo by A.Giudici)
♂ (hybrid), Yala, Thailand. (photo by S.Atdhabhan)	♂ (hybrid), Yala, Thailand. (photo by S.Atdhabhan)

1996.10.02 - 2023.05.31.