♂, Nan, Thailand.		♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀, Chiang Rai, Thailand.	♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chaiyaphum, Thailand.		♂, Lam Dong, Vietnam. (photo by K.Saito)
♂, Ha Giang, Vietnam. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♀, Ha Giang, Vietnam. (photo by A.M.Cotton)
♂, Ha Giang, Vietnam. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♂, Ha Giang, Vietnam. (photo by A.M.Cotton)
♂, Vinh Phuc, Vietnam. (photo by K.Saito)		♂, Bolikhamxai, Laos. (photo by K.Saito)

ON : Papilio agestor G.Gray, 1831 OD : in J.Gray, Zool. Miscell. 1831:32. TL : 'Sumatra' [loc.err. = Nepal]. Distribution : Nepal, Sikkim to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, S.Yunnan. ● ssp.agestor ● ssp.teruyoae

Papilio agestor senchalus Fruhstorfer, 1909 : Ent. Zeit. 22(45):190. TL. Sikkim ; Bhutan. (♂, NHML)
Papilio agestor cresconius Fruhstorfer, 1909 : Ent. Zeit. 22(45):190. TL. "Oberbirma" [N.Myanmar] ; Assam. (♂, NHML)
Papilio agestor agestorides Fruhstorfer, 1909 : Ent. Zeit. 22(45):190. TL. Lou-Tse-Kiang, SW.-China. (♂, NHML)
Papilio agestor ouvrardi Bang-Haas, 1927 : Horae Macrolepidopterologicae regionis palaearcticae. 1:1. TL. "Yünnan (Oui Siou, Wei-Si ; Petschong)" [Weixi, N.W.Yunnan]. (MNHU) (homonym)
Chilasa agestor inaokai Funahashi, 2003 : Wallace 8:5-6, pl.2, fig.4.(HT,♂),(HT,♂Un[Up]). TL. near Dalat, 1800m, S.Vietnam. (♂, in coll. A.Funahashi)

senchalus ; ♂, Type HT (red), #149281, Sikkim, Trockenzeit. H.Fruhstorfer (NHML, examined)
cresconius ; ♂, Type, #149282, Upper Burma. H.Fruhstorfer (NHML, examined)
agestroides ; ♂, Type HT (red), #149283, 1901. Lou-tse-Kiang. R.P.Genestier (NHML, examined)
ouvrardi ; ♂, Syntype, Jan.1917. Oui-Siou Wei-Si, Yunnan. designated by C.Hauser,1996. (MNHU, photo examined)
inaokai ;
Holotype ♂, Apr.1996. near Dalat, 1800, S.Vietnam. A.Shinkai leg. (in coll. A.Funahashi)
Paratypes ; 18♂ 1♀, near Dalat, alt.1800m. (in coll. A.Funahashi; Morita; Itoh)

[ THAILAND ]
Papilio agestor agestor ; Godfrey,1927 : 119. (Chiang Mai: Doi Suthep; Khun Than)
Papilio agestor agestor ; Godfrey,1930 : 209. (Khun Than; Chiang Mai: Doi Suthep)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Pinratana,1977 : 21, figs.P15,♂,♂(Un). (N / NE)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Pinratana & Eliot,1992 : 18,40, pl.19, fig.16,♂. (Chiang Mai; Chaiyaphum)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 98, pl.21 figs.P43,♂,♀. (Phu Khieo; Chiang Dao)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 118, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♂,♂(Un). (Doi Pha Hom Pok; Doi Ankaan; Doi Suthep; Chiang Dao; Phu Khiewo)
Papilio agestor agestor ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 98, pl.21 figs.P40,♂,♀. (Phu Khieo; Chiang Dao)
Papilio agestor agestor ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs. (Chiang Mai) (accessed: 2023.05.16)

[ LAOS ]
Papilio agestor f. agestor ; Dubois & Vitalis,1921 : 9. (M.Em)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 45. (Vang Vieng)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 200, pl.8, figs.♂,♂,♀. (Phong Saly; Lak Sao; Xam Neua)
Papilio agestor agestor ; Cotton & Racheli,[2007] : 324-325. (Phou Phan; Xam Neua; Lak Sao)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 41.
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Onodera,2022 : 5, pl.18, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Oudomxai)

[ VIETNAM ]
Papilio agestor agestor ; Jordan,1908-1909 : 41. (Upper Tonkin)
Papilio agestor f. agestor ; Dubois & Vitalis,1921 : 9. (Haut Tonkin)
Papilio agestor agestor ; Metaye,1957 : 81. (N)
Chilasa agestor ; Shinkai,1999 : 51. (S: near Dalat)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Monastyrskii,2007 : 39-40, pl.8, figs.1a♂,1b♂. (N: Hoang Lien; Van Ban; Na Hang; Muong Hum / C: Huong Son; Ngoc Linh; Hon Ba; Bi Doup/Nui Ba; near Da Lat) (in part)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Miyazaki et al.,2010 : 20, fig.Pa-43,♂. (Lam Dong: Gung Re)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 12. (N / C to Lam Dong)
Chilasa agestor agestor ; Yokochi et al.,2015 : 39. (Khanh Hoa: Hon Ba)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Rai : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 9♂ 6♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lampang : 5♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nan : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Tak : 1♂ (photo by A.Giudici).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chaiyaphum : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Khammouan : 3♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Houaphan : 2♂ (photo by K.Phongpiyamit)

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Ha Giang : 5♂ 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yen Bai : 2♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Vinh Phuc : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lam Dong : 1♂.

Jan

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Mar

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Dec

The butterfly is locally common in montane forests at low to high elevations (Alt. 350 - 2200m) with a single generation in a year. Males are territorial in open spaces such as forest edges or hilltops and fly in circles for long hours in their territorial space. In flight, it mimics Parantica sita and Parantica melaneus (Danainae) very well. Males also frequently come to the banks of streams and puddles to suck water.
The populations from Sikkim to N.Vietnam have highly individual variation, which is more pronounced than geographic variation. For this reason, I am treating them all as the nominotypical subspecies.
The populations from Myanmar to Thailand tend to have more developed hindwing white markings, especially basal white marking in space 7 of UnH is well developed and prominent. On the other hand, in populations from S.Yunnan, Laos and N.Vietnam, hindwing white markings are reduced and many individuals lack the basal white marking in space 7 on the UnH or if present, it is thin and indistinct. The populations in C.Vietnam are much closer to the populations in Thailand than N.Vietnam. However, it is not possible to clearly separate each population. Furthermore, some examples from Ha Giang, N.Vietnam slightly approach ssp.teruyoae and seem to be a transition zone.

Gray, G.R.,1831 : Description of eight new species of Indian Butterflies from the collection of General Hardwike.
Zool. Miscell. (J.E.Gray) 1831:32-33.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1909 : Neue Rassen von Papilio agestor Gray.
Ent. Zeit. 22(45):190.

Bang-Haas, O.,1927 : Horae Macrolepidopterologicae regionis palaearcticae. I.
xxviii, 128 pp., 11 pls., Dr. O. Staudinger & A. Bang-Haas, Dresden-Blasewitz.

Funahashi, A.,2003 : Description of a new subspecies of Chilasa agestor Gray, 1832 from near Dalat, S.Vietnam.
in Butterflies of Vietnam part.2., Descriptions of 19 New subspecies of Butterflies from Vietnam.
Wallace 8:5-6, pl.2.

Condamine, F.L., Allio, R., Reboud, E.L., Dupuis, J.R., Toussaint, E.F.A., Mazet, N., Hu, S.J., Lewis, D.S., Kunte, K., Cotton, A.M. & Sperling, F.A.H.,2023 :
A comprehensive phylogeny and revised taxonomy illuminate the origin and diversification of the global radiation of Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 183 (2023) 107758:1-22.

♂, Lampang, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (territorial behavior), Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂(right) vs Papilio epycides, Lampang, Thailand.	♂(right) with Calinaga sudassana, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂(left) with Parantica melaneus, Lampang, Thailand.	♂(left) with Graphium xenocles, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Houaphan, Laos. (photo by K.Phongpiyamit)

1996.09.26 - 2023.05.31.