♂ (ds), Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♀ (ds), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (ws), Nan, Thailand.		♀ (ws), Nan, Thailand.
♂ (ds), Phrae, Thailand.		♀ (ds), Phrae, Thailand.
♂ (ds), Tak, Thailand.		♀ (ds), Oudomxay, Laos.
♂ (ds), Chaiyaphum, Thailand.		♀ (ws), Phetchabun, Thailand.
♂ (ds), Mukdahan, Thailand.		♀ (ds), Mukdahan, Thailand.
♂ (ws), Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♀ (ds), Chanthaburi, Thailand.
♀ (ds), Mae Hong Son, Thailand.		♀ (is), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♀ Da Nang, Vietnam. (photo by K.Saito)		♀ (ws), Phetchabun, Thailand. (photo by K.Yano)
♀(ab,), Phrae, Thailand.		♀(ab.), Chiang Mai, Thailand.

ON : Adolias dirtea jadeitina Fruhstorfer, 1913 OD : In: Seitz, Gross-Schmetterl. Erde 9: 687, fig.127b♂. TL : 'Tenasserim, Unter-Birma [Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar]; Muok-lek, Mittel-Siam [Muak Lek, Saraburi, Thailand]' ["Tenasserim" Tanintharyi Region, Myanmar]. (MNHN) Distribution : Myanmar, S.Yunnan, Thailand (except Peninsular area), Laos, Cambodia, C. & S.Vienam. ● ssp.jadeitina ● ssp.eleanor ● ssp.dirteana

Adolias dirtea agosthena Fruhstorfer, 1914; Ent. Rundsch. 31(1): 2–3; TL: "Cochinchina" [S.Vietnam]. '[Muak Lek, C.Thailand]'

jadeitina : Lectotype ♂, Type(red), Tenasserim, Fruhstorfer, designated by Yokochi,2026 (MNHN) ; Yokochi,2026 : 7, figs.6a♂, 6b♂(Un).
agosthena :
Lectotype ♀, Type(red), Januar, Muok Lek, 1000, Siam, H. Fruhstorfer, designated by Yokochi,2026 (MNHN) ; Yokochi,2026 : 7, figs.13a♀(LT), 13b♀(LT,Un).
Paralectotype ♀, Type(red), Cochin-china. (MHNG, photo examined.)

[ THAILAND ]
Euthalia dirtea jadeitina: Fruhstorfer,1913 : 687. (Muok Lek)
Euthalia dirtea jadeitina: Godfrey,1916 : 132. (Chonburi: Sriracha; Prae: Me Song forest)
Adolias dirtea jadeitina: Godfrey,1927 : 124. (N)
Adolias dirtea jadeitina: Godfrey,1930 : 296. (Prae: Me Song forest; Muak Lek; Chonburi: Sriracha; Chiang Mai; W: Eka Klo)
Euthalia pardalis jadeitina: Pinratana,1979 : 85, figs.N148a♂,♀. (Chiang Mai; Chanthaburi; Lampang; Loei; Nakhon Nayok)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Pinratana & Eliot,1996 : 83, pl.59, figs.159a♂,♀. (Chiang Mai; Nong Khai; Lampang; Loei; Tak; Nakhon Ratchasima; Nakhon Nayok; Chanthaburi; Kanchanaburi)
Lexias pardalis ssp.: Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 256, figs.110,♂,111,♀. (Mukdahan: Phu Pha Phung; Phu Mu; Phu Pha Thaep; Ubon Ratchathani: Kaeng Tana)
Lexias pardalis ssp.: Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 29,31. (Ubon Ratchathani: Ban Na Pho Krang; Phu Chong Na Yoi; Kaeng Tana; Nam Tok Soi Sawan; Kaeng E-Keow; Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Nam Tok Tad Ton; Nam Tok Kham Cha I; Ban Na Lak; Ban Gok Tum)
Lexias pardalis ssp.: Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 52. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Hin Khan; Phu Huai Sing; Nam Tok Tad Ton; Ubon Ratchathani: Waring Chamrap; Kaen Tana; Nam Tok Soi Sawan; Phu Pung; Phu Chong Na Yoi)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Katsuyama et al.,2005 : 70, fig.173,♂. (Umphang)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Katsuyama et al.,2006 : 50, fig.122,♀. (Nan: Ban Nam Poon)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 458, pl.203, figs.N168a♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Chiang Mai)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 470, pl.208, figs.N334a♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Chiang Mai)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Okamoto et al.,2013 : 9. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Sophonviwatkul et al.,2015– : Butterflies of Thailand, figs. (Loei; Sa Kaeo) (accessed: 2023.05.01)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Kimura et al.,2016 : 115, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Doi Suthep; Ban Salok; Doi Pa Chang; Bung Kahn; Phu Khiewo; Wan Nam Khiewo; Kao Soi Dao; Mae Sohd; Thung Yai; Sai York Noi)
Lexias pardalis: Chueamueangphan et al.,2025 : 209. (Phayao: Mae Puem N.P.)
Lexias pardalis agosthena: Yokochi,2026 : 14, map.2. (N. & C.Thailand)

[ LAOS ]
Euthalia dirtea f. eleanor: Dubois & Vitalis,1924 : 44. (Laos)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Motono & Negishi,1989 : 61, col. pl.13,♂ ; pl.72, figs.1,♂,2,♂(Un),3,♀,4,♀(Un). (Luang Prabang; Vang Vieng; Vientiane; Tha Ngone; Pakse)
Lexias pardalis: Koiwaya & Wakahara,1998 : 15, figs.83–85(Larva),86–88(Pupa),89,♀,90,♀(Un). (Phong Sali)
'Lexias dirtea bontouxi: Osada et al.,1999 : 208, pl.69, fig.♀. (Luang Phrabang) (partim)'
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Osada et al.,1999 : 208, pl.69, figs.♂,♂,♀,♀. (Oudomxay; Nong Het; Thakhek; Luang Phrabang)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 43. (Namdhua; Thabeng; Thakhek; Laksao)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 46.
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Onodera,2022 : 46, pl.135, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Bolikhamxai: Phon Si)
Lexias pardalis eleanor: Yokochi,2026 : 14, map.2. (N.Laos) (partim)
Lexias pardalis agosthena: Yokochi,2026 : 14, map.2. (C. & S.Laos)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Lexias pardalis: Onodera,2009 : 41. (Siem Reap: Phnum Kulen)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Kosterin,2019b : 32. (Ratanakiri; Mondulkiri)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Kosterin,2020 : 328. (Pursat; Siem Reap; Preah Vihear; Stung Treng)
Lexias pardalis jadeitina: Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 118. (Koh Kong; Mondulkiri; Pursat; Preah Vihear; Ratanakiri; Siem Reap; Stueng Treng)

[ VIETNAM ]
Euthalia dirtea eleanor: Fruhstorfer,1913 : 687. (C.Annam) (partim)
Euthalia dirtea jadeitina: Godfrey,1919 : 468. (S: Sui Kat)
Euthalia dirtea eleanor: Metaye,1957 : 97. (C) (partim)
Euthalia dirtea eleanor: Metaye,1958b : 176. (Dong Nai: Ben Nom)
Lexias pardalis: Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 42. (Thua Thien Hue: A Luoi; Huong Thuy; Bach Ma)
Lexias pardalis eleanor: Miyazaki et al.,2006b : 32, figs.N-99,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dai Duc Me; Bin Thuan: Dong Tien)
Lexias pardalis eleanor: Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 41. (C; S) (partim)
Lexias pardalis eleanor: Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(2):149. (C: Loc Bac; A Luoi; Bach Ma; Son Thanh; Ba To; Ngoc Linh; Nha Trang; Ba Ho; Cat Loc; Bao Lam; S: Lo Go Xa Mat; La Nga) (partim)
Lexias pardalis agosthena: Yokochi,2026 : 14, map.2. (C. & S.Vietnam)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 3♂ 3♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 10♂ 10♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phrae : 4♂ 3♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phayao : 2♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nan : 10♂ 10♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Mukdaharn : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Tak : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Kanchanaburi : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchabun : 3♂ 2♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Sa Kaeo : 1♂ 2♀ (photo by S.Sophonviwatkul; C.Sunthornwiphat).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Saraburi : 4♀ (photo by T.Aoyama; M.Hayashi).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 3♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Oudomxay : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Da Nang : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lam Dong : 4♂ 3♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is very common in forests at low to moderate elevations (200–1,300 m a.s.l.) and frequently comes to rotten fruits that have fallen to the ground. Males are occasionally observed mud-puddling along stream banks and at puddles, and they also exhibit territorial behavior on trees at hilltops.

The populations occurring from S.E. Myanmar, Thailand excluding the Peninsula area, Laos, Cambodia, and C. to S. Vietnam exhibit considerable individual and seasonal variation. In both sexes, the wing markings on the upperside are highly variable and inconstant.

In general, these populations conform to the description of agosthena by Fruhstorfer (1914: 3). In females, individuals with enlarged subapical spots in spaces 5 and 6 on the UpF are relatively frequent from C. Thailand (Saraburi) eastward to S. Vietnam. From Sa Kaeo in S.E. Thailand through Cambodia to C. Vietnam, individuals with particularly well-developed and whitish subapical spots are found. Nevertheless, individuals with enlarged subapical spots occur throughout the range, and typical individuals with normally sized spots are also found in the same localities. Thus, the features described by Fruhstorfer are considered tendencies rather than geographical characters, and the observed variation is interpreted as individual rather than seasonal or geographical variation.

The taxon agosthena has previously been considered to belong to Lexias dirtea. However, examination of the type specimen from Cochinchina housed at the MHNG has revealed that it is Lexias pardalis. Yokochi (2026) designated a female specimen from Muak Lek, Thailand, housed at the MNHN, as the lectotype; however, this designation may require further consideration since this specimen may not be a syntype of agosthena.

Yokochi (2026) further treated ssp.dirteana from W. Malaysia as a synonym of ssp.jadeitina, defining its distribution as extending from Tenasserim through P. Thailand to W. Malaysia. However, the populations from Tenasserim and adjacent areas of W. Thailand (Tak and Kanchanaburi) are clearly distinct from ssp.dirteana. (For further details, see Lexias pardalis dirteana). Consequently, the two are here treated separately, as previously, with the populations of mainland Thailand treated as ssp.jadeitina.

Usually, Lexias pardalis and Lexias dirtea can be distinguished by the colouration of the antennal tips. L. dirtea has entirely black antennal tips, whereas in L. pardalis, yellow to orange colouration extends from the tip to approximately the fifth segment. However, in areas where the two species occur sympatrically, individuals with very dark, orangish-black antennal tips are frequently observed. The orangish colouration may be difficult to discern unless the specimen is viewed from a different angle. Consequently, these individuals cannot be reliably distinguished on the basis of antennal colouration alone. Further molecular analysis is required to determine whether these individuals represent intraspecific variation or interspecific hybridisation.

As noted by Kimura et al. (2016), the wing patterns of L. dirtea and L. pardalis are considered to exhibit parallel geographic variation across their respective ranges.

Fruhstorfer, H, 1913. 6. Familie: Nymphalidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde.
Alfred Kernen, Stuttgart, 9: 681–688. (25.Jan.1913)

Fruhstorfer, H, 1914. Rhopaloceren von Cochinchina.
Entomologische Rundschau, 31(1): 1–3. (10.Jan.1914)

Yokochi, T, 2026. Taxonomic reassessment of Lexias dirtea (Fabricius, 1793) and Lexias pardalis (Moore, 1878) (Nymphalidae: Adoliadini) based on type material and nomenclatural history.
AIRS Journal of Entomology, 1(1): 1–22.

♂ (ds), Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀ (is), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (ds), Mae Hong Son, Thailand.	♀ (ds), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (ds, territorial behaviour), Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀ (laying egg), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♀+♂(mating), Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀ with ♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
3♀ (is), Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀ (ds), Kanchanaburi, Thailand.
♀ (ws), Phetchabun, Thailand.	♀ (ds), Phetchabun, Thailand.
♀ (ds), Saraburi, Thailand. (photo by T.Aoyama)	♀ (ds), Saraburi, Thailand. (photo by M.Hayashi)
♀ (ds), Saraburi, Thailand. (photo by M.Hayashi)	♀ (ws), Sa Kaeo, Thailand. (photo by C.Sunthornwiphat)
♂ (ws), Sa Kaeo, Thailand. (photo by C.Sunthornwiphat)	♀ (ws), Sa Kaeo, Thailand. (photo by S.Sophonviwatkul)

2007.03.03 - 2026.09.30.