♂, Mae Hong Son, Thailand.		♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♀, Nan, Thailand.
♂, Surat Thani (Koh Phangan), Thailand.		♀, Surat Thani (Koh Phangan), Thailand.
♂, Yala, Thailand.		♀, Yala, Thailand.
♂, Tak, Thailand.		♀, Chachoeng Sao, Thailand. (photo by S.Sophonviwatkul)
♂, Bangkok, Thailand.

ON : Elymnias tinctoria Moore, 1879 OD : Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878(4):826. TL : Meetan ; Moolai, [Myanmar]. (NHML) Distribution : Myanmar, Thailand, N.Laos, Langkawi, W.Malaysia (Kedah). ● ssp.tinctoria ● ssp.hainana ● ssp.violetta ● ssp.meridionalis ● ssp.robinsona

Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ♀forma paraleuca Fruhstorfer, 1907 : Deut. ent. Zeit. [Iris] 20(3):177. TL. "Tenasserim : Mergui-Archipel." [Tanintharyi ; Mergui Archipelago, Myanmar]. (NHML)

tinctoria ;
♂, Type (red), Rh5060, Moolai. (NHML, examined) ; ♀, Type (red), Rh5061, Meetan, 3000ft. Apr. (NHML, examined)
paraleuca ; ♀, Type (red), Tenasserim. Fruhstorfer. (NHML, examined)

[ THAILAND ]
Elymnias hypermnestra undularis ; Godfrey,1916 : 122.
'Elymnias hypermnestra beatrice ; Pendlebury,1923 : 33. (Nakhon Sri Thammarat: Wat Kiriwong)'
Elymnias hypermnestra meridionalis ; Godfrey,1927 : 122. (N)
Elymnias hypermnestra violetta f. epixantha ; Godfrey,1930 : 255. (Prae: Me Song forest; Bangkok; W: Klong Klung) (in part)
'Elymnias hypermnestra discrepans ; Godfrey,1930 : 256. (P: Bangnara)'
'Elymnias hypermnestra discrepans ; Godfrey,1932a : 267. (P)'
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; Pinratana,1988 : 8, pl.3, figs.4a♂,♀,♂,♀(var.epixantha). (Ranong; Trang; Songkhla; Yala)
Elymnias hypermnestra meridionalis ; Pinratana,1988 : 8. (Chiang Mai; Bangkok) (in part)
Elymnias hypermnestra violetta ; Katsuyama et al.,2005 : 67, figs.110,♂,111,♀. (Umphang: Tha-Sai; Umphang)
Elymnias hypermnestra violetta ; Katsuyama et al.,2006 : 48, fig.83,♂. (Nan: Ban Nam Poon)
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; RDPB & DNP,2006-2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.♀(Un). (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.19 ; accessed: 2023.06.30)
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 226, pl.85, fig.S4a♀(f. paraleuca),♀. (Bangkok)
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Koh Samui; Koh Phangan) (accessed: 2022.01.01)
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 226, pl.84, figs.N40a♂(Malaysia),♂(Un,Malaysia)♀(f. paraleuca),♀(Than To). (in part) (Bangkok) (in part)
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 9. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs. (Chiang Mai; Bangkok; Chachoengsao; Chanthaburi) (accessed: 2024.05.06)
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 161-162, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Chiang Dao; Doi Suthep; Ban Salok; Thung Saleng Luang; Bangkok; Mae Sohd; Khlong Tariew; Erawan WF; Ka Chong; Sonkhla; Haadjai; Than To WF.)
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; Wei et al.,2017 ; 96, figs.6, C♂(Bangkok), D♀(Bangkok) ; 97, fig.7, D♂(Chiang Mai)
Elymnias hypermnestra agina ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 256-257, figs.Abb.S-056-S-063, S181-S188. (Phang Nga)
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; Chaianunporn & Chaianunporn,2019 : 86. (Chaiyaphum: Chulabhorn Dam)

[ LAOS ]
Elymnias hypermnestra violetta ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 63, col.pl.14,♀ ; pl.81, figs.5,♂,6,♂(Un). (Luang Prabang)
Elymnias hypermnestra violetta ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 210, pl.88, fig.♀. (Luang Phrabang)
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 48.
Elymnias hypermnestra tinctoria ; Onodera,2022 : 53, pl.158, figs.♀,♀(Un). (Xiengkhouang: Ban Phang Luang) (in part)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 5♂.

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Chiang Rai : 1♀.

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Chiang Mai : 7♂ 4♀ (incl. photo).

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Lampang : 4♂.

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Phrae : 2♂ 2♀.

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Nan : 4♂ 2♀ (incl. photo).

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Tak : 1♂.

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Kanchanaburi : 2♂.

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Bangkok : 4♂ 2♀.

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Chachoeng Sao : 1♀.

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Surat Thani (Koh Phangan dist.) : 3♂ 1♀.

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Nakhon Si Thammarat : 1♀.

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Yala : 5♂ 1♀ (incl. photo).

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The butterfly is common in secondary forests with palm trees at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1000m). Females in flight look very similar to Cethosia (Heliconiinae) and Danaus (Danainae) species, especially Cethosia methypsea, Cethosia cyane and Danaus genutia, Danaus melanippus, depending on the pattern of the individual.
Each subspecies of this species is still being replaced by a more dominant subspecies in many parts of its range, and the distribution range of each subspecies is fluid.
For instance, Bangkok is in the distribution area of ssp.violetta considering the distribution pattern, but now ssp.tinctoria can be found there. In the past, ssp.violetta was undoubtedly recorded in the area, and it is thought to have been replaced by ssp.tinctoria.
Moreover, Pendlebury (1923) recorded ssp.beatrice in Nakhon Sri Thammarat, P. Thailand, however, currently ssp.tinctoria is found there. This is also likely to have been replaced by ssp.tinctoria. Some female examples in Betong, Yala province, most southernmost part of peninsular Thailand, seem to be intermediate between ssp.tinctoria and ssp.beatrice, and it seems to be a transition zone between two subspecies. Godfrey (1930,1932) reported ssp.discrepans in Bangnara, which is likely to be this form.

Moore, F.,1879 : A list of the lepidopterous insects collected by Mr.Ossian Limborg in upper Tenasserim, with descriptions of new species.
Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1878(4):821-858, pls. 51-53.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1907 : Monographie der Elymniinae.
Deut. ent. Zeit. [Iris] 20(3):157-252. (12.Oct,1907)

Wei, C.H., Lohman, D., Peggie, D. & Yen, S.H.,2017 : An illustrated checklist of the genus Elymnias Hübner,1818 (Nymphalidae, Satyrinae).
Zookeys 676:47-152.

♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Nan, Thailand.	♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Surat Thani (Koh Phangan), Thailand.	♂, Yala, Thailand.

1998.12.04 - 2024.09.30.