♂ (dsf), Mae Hong Son, Thailand.		♀ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (dsf), Tak, Thailand.		♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♂, Satun, Thailand.

ON : Papilio leda Linnaeus, 1758 OD : Syst. nat. (ed.10) 1:474. TL : 'Asia' ["Canton" [Guangdong, China]. (Linnean Society of London) Distribution : Sri Lanka, India to Myanmar, Andamans, Nicobars, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, S. China, Formosa, Japan, Langkawi, W.Malaysia, Aur, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Palawan, Philippines.

Papilio ismene Cramer, 1775 : Uitl. Kapellen 1:40, pl.26. figs.A,B. TL. "China".
Papilio mycena Cramer, 1780 : Uitl. Kapellen 4(25-26a):7-8, pl.291, fig.F(Un). TL. "Kuft van Coromandel" [SE.India].
Melanitis phedima nuwara Fruhstorfer, 1911 : in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9:365. TL. Mindoro.

[ THAILAND ]
Melanitis leda ismene ; Godfrey,1916 : 122.
Melanitis leda ismene ; Pendlebury,1923 : 33. (Nakhon Sri Thammarat: Khao Ram)
Melanitis leda ismene ; Godfrey,1927 : 122. (N)
Melanitis leda ismene ; Godfrey,1930 : 254. (all over)
Melanitis leda ismene ; Godfrey,1932a : 267. (P)
Melanitis leda leda ; Pinratana,1988 : 6, pl.1, figs.1,♂(dsf),♂(wsf.Un). (Chiang Mai; Chanthaburi; Nakhon Nayok; Nakhon Ratchasima; Surat Thani; Trang)
Melanitis leda leda ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 253, fig.68,♂. (Mukdahan: Ban Naudom; Phu Shang; Phu Huay Sing)
Melanitis leda leda ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 21. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Huay Sing; Ban Na Lak; Ban Gok Tum; Ubon Ratchathani: Ban Ba Hai; Ban Na Pho Krang; Phu Chong Na Yoi; Nam Tok Soi Sawan; Phu Hin Dang)
Melanitis leda leda ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 48. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Hin Khan; Phu Huai Sing; Nam Tok Tad Ton; Ubon Ratchathani: Warin Chamrap)
Melanitis leda leda ; Katsuyama et al.,2005 : 67, fig.107,♂. (Umphang: Tha-Sai; Umphang)
Melanitis leda leda ; RDPB & DNP,2006-2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.[♂](Un). (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.19 ; accessed: 2023.06.30)
Melantis phedima abdullae ; RDPB & DNP,2006-2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.[♂](Un). (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.19 ; accessed: 2023.06.30)
Melanitis leda leda ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 220, pl.82, figs.S1,♂(wsf),♂(wsf.Un),♂(dsf),♂(dsf.Un),♂(dsf.Un),♂(dsf.Un),♀(dsf),♀(dsf.Un),♀(dsf),♀(dsf.Un). (Tak; Lamphum)
Melanitis leda leda ; Uémura,2010 : 1.
Melanitis leda leda ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, fig.['♂'](Un). (Koh Samui; Koh Phangan) (in part) (accessed: 2022.01.01)
Melanitis leda leda ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 220, pl.82, figs.N37,♂(wsf),♂(wsf.Un),♂(dsf),♂(dsf.Un),♂(dsf.Un),♂(dsf.Un),♀(dsf),♀(dsf.Un),♀(dsf),♀(dsf.Un). (Tak; Lamphum)
Melanitis leda leda ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 9. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Melanitis leda leda ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Sa Kaeo; Bangkok; Saraburi; Chanthaburi) (accessed: 2023.06.30)
Melanitis leda leda ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 156, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Doi Par Hom Pok; Doi Suthep; Phu Khiewo; Khao Yai; Nakohn Nayok; Wan Nam Khiewo; Phu Hin Khan; Kao Soi Dao; Kratching WF; Kao Saverb; Bang Phra; Kaeng Chai; Erawan WF; Kaeng Krachan; Khlong Naka; Ka Chong; Sai Kao WF; Than To WF.)
Melanitis leda leda ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 254-255, figs.Abb.S-046-S-048. (Phang Nga)
Melanitis leda leda ; Chaianunporn & Chaianunporn,2019 : 86. (Chaiyaphum: Chulabhorn Dam)

[ LAOS ]
Melanitis leda leda ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 63, pl.80, figs.1,♂,2,♂(Un),3,♀[♂],4,♀[♂](Un). (Vientiane; Tha Ngone)
Melanitis leda leda ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 210, pl.85, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂(dsf),♀(dsf),♂(dsf,Un). (Lak Sao; Xiang Khouang)
Melanitis leda leda ; Uémura,2003 : 1, fig.2,map. (Lak Sao; Tat Lo, nr Saravan)
Melanitis leda leda ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 44. (Namdhua; Thakhek; Nhahin; Laksao)
Melanitis leda leda ; Uémura,2006 : 1, fig.1,map. (Phon Savan; Muang Kham; Phong Si; Vieng Thong; Nha Hin Pass; Lak Sao)
Melanitis leda leda ; Uémura,2011 : 1. (C: near Nahin; Nahin Pass; Ban Namnian)
Melanitis leda leda ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 47.
Melanitis leda leda ; Onodera,2022 : 53, pl.155, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Khammouan: Natung; Thakhek)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Melanitis leda ; Woodfield & Murton,2006 : figs,♂(dsf),♂(dsf,Un),♂(wsf),♂(wsf,Un). (Botum Sakor NP.)
Melanitis leda ; Onodera,2007 : 29, fig.33,♂. (Siem Reap: Angkor)
Melanitis leda ; Onodera,2008 : 60. (Mondolkiri: Romonea)
Melanitis leda leda ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 128. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Melanitis leda leda ; Kosterin,2020 : 331. (Siem Reap)
Melanitis leda leda ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 115. (Btg; Kep; Koh Kong; Mondulkiri; Phnom Penh; Preah Sihanouk; Pursat; Preah Vihear; Ratanakiri; Siem Reap)

[ VIETNAM ]
Melanitis ismene ; Joannis,1901 : 318. (Tonkin: Cao Bang)
Melanitis leda ismene ; Fruhstorfer,1911 : 362. (Tonkin)
Melanitis determinata ; Vitalis,1919 : 224. (Tonkin)
Melanitis mycena ; Vitalis,1919 : 224. (Tonkin)
Melanitis leda ; Lemée,1950 : 8. (Hagiang)
Melanitis ismene ; Lemée,1950 : 8. (Hagiang)
Melanitis leda ismene f.hib. ismene ; Metaye,1957 : 104. (N / C / S)
Melanitis leda ismene f.aest. determinata ; Metaye,1957 : 104. (N / C / S)
Melanitis leda palliata ; Metaye,1957 : 104. (N / C / S)
Melanitis leda leda ; Ikeda et al.,1999 : 53, figs.4:1,♀,2,♀(Un), fig.9:16(♂,genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Melanitis leda ; Vu,2003 : 57. (Phu Quoc)
Melanitis leda leda ; Luong et al.,2004 : 3, 43, figs.♀,♀(Un),♂[♀],♂[♀](Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Melanitis leda leda ; Monastyrskii,2005 : 22, pl.1, figs.1a♂(wsf),1b♂(wsf.Un),1c♂(dsf.Un). (N / C / S)
Melanitis leda leda ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006c : 28, figs.S-1,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dai Duc Me; Gung Re; Dong Nai: Thac Mai; Bin Thuan: Dong Tien)
Melanitis leda leda ; Nihira,2009 : 100. (Phu Quoc)
Melanitis leda leda ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 20. (N / C / S)
Melanitis leda mycena ; Yokochi et al.,2015 : 40. (Khanh Hoa: Hon Ba)
Melanitis leda leda ; Saito et al.,2017 : 81. (S: Nui Cam; Nui Coto)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 8♂ 4♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Tak : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chonburi : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trat (Koh Kut dist.) : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Ranong : 2♂ 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trang : 1♂ 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Pattani : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Satun (incl. Koh Tarutao) : 2♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yala : 5♂ 3♀ (incl. photo by S.Atdhabhan).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Narathiwat : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Lam Dong : 1♂ 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is very common in secondary and mountain forests at low to high elevations (Alt. 10 - 2000m). Occasionally they come to the electric lights in shops in town after sunset.

Linnaeus, C.,1758 : Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis.
Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii. (Edition 10). 1(Animalia):[iv]+824pp.

Cramer, P.,1775-1780 :
De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique.
Amsteldam, S.J.Baalde; Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp.
1(1/7):i-xxx, 1-16, 1-132, pls.1-84 ([31 December]1775), (8):133-155, pls.85-96 (1776); 2(9/16):1-151, pls.97-192 (1777); 3(17/22):1-128, pls.193-264 (1779), (23/24):129-176, pls.265-288 (1780); 4(25/26):1-28, pls.289-304 (1780)

Fruhstorfer, H.,1911 : 4. Familie: Satyridae in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9
361-368. (before 7.Jun.1911)

Corbet, A.S.,1949 : The Linnaean Names of Indo-Australian Rhopalocera. Part 7. Summary of Determinations.
Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond (B)18(9-10):191-199.

Aoki, T., Yamaguchi, S. & Uémura, Y.,1982 : in Tsukada (Ed.), Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands 3
Satyridae, Libytheidae. 500 pp (incl. 113 col. pls.), Plapac Co., Ltd., Tokyo. (in Japanese)

♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♂,♀ (dsf), Laos. (photo by K.Phongpiyamit)
♂, Yala, Thailand. (photo by S.Atdhabhan)

1998.12.04 - 2024.05.31.