♂, Nan, Thailand. (RIEB)		♀, Kanchanaburi, Thailand. (RIEB)
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand. (RIEB)	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand. (RIEB)	♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand. (RIEB)	♀, Chonburi, Thailand. (RIEB)

ON : Ornithoptera aeacus Felder & Felder, 1860 OD : Wien. Ent. Monats. 4(8):225. TL : not stated. ['? India']. (♀, NHML) Distribution : Nepal, India to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, S.China. ● ssp.aeacus ● ssp.malaiianus

Ornithoptera rhadamanthus var. thomsonii Bates, 1875 : in Thomsons, Straits of Mal. :546. TL. 'Siam' [loc. err. = Cambodia].
Ornithoptera aeacus form praecox Fruhstorfer, 1913 : Deut. ent. Zeit. [Iris] 27(3):134-135. TL. Bangkok; Muok Lek; Angkor, Siam.

[ THAILAND ]
Troides aeacus ; Fruhstorfer,1903 : 167-169. (Siam)
Papilio aeacus aeacus ; Jordan,1909 : 25. (Siam)
Papilio aeacus aeacus ; Godfrey,1916 : 108. (Bangkok; Chonburi: Sriracha)
Papilio aeacus praecox ; Godfrey,1927 : 119. (N)
Papilio aeacus praecox ; Godfrey,1930 : 206. (excl. P)
Troides aeacus praecox ; Pinratana,1977 : 5, figs.P3a♂,♀.
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Pinratana,1977 : 5, not fig. (Mae Hong Son; Chiang Mai)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Ohya,1983 : 296, pl.134, fig.4,♂(Un,Chiang Dao). (Thailand)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Haugum & Low,1985 : 333-334. (Bangkok; Sai-Yok; Bang Kao; Pataya; Khao Khieo; Ampermaung)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Pinratana & Eliot,1992 : 11, pl.5, figs.3a♂,♀. (Chiang Mai; Phitsanulok; Ratchaburi; Kanchanaburi; Chanthaburi; Bangkok)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 251, fig.35,♂. (Mukdahan: Phu Pha Thaep)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Matsuka,2001 : 189. (N: Chiang Rai; Chiang Dao; Doi Suthep; Chiang Mai; Wiang Ko Sai / C: Sukhothai; Doi Mussoe; Phu Khieo; Wan Nam Khiewo; Thung Yai; Erawan WF; Sai Yok; Kanchanaburi; Ratchaburi; Kaeng Krachan; Bangkok; Muaklek; Saraburi; Nakhon Nayok; Khao Khieo; Pattaya; Khao Soi Dao; Chanthaburi; Khao Sa Bap)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 15. (Mukdahan: Phu Huay Sing; Ban Na Lak; Ban Gok Tum)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 45. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 62, pl.2, figs.P4a♂,♀(Un). (Pak Chong; Bangkok; Kanchanaburi)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Racheli & Cotton,2010 : 22-24. (Thailand)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 112, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Chiang Dao; Doi Suthep; Wiang Ko Sai; Charn Phui; Phu Khiewo; Saraburi; Muak Lek; Nakohn Nayok; Wan Nam Khiewo; Kho Soi Dao [Khao Soi Dao]; Khao Sa Bap; Pliewn WF; Khao Khiewo; Bang Phura; Bangkok; Doi Musso; Erawan WF; Khao Phang WF; Thung Yai; Sai York Noi; Kuwai Yai; Kanchanaburi; Ratchaburi; Kaeng Krachan)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 62, pl.2, figs.P4a♂,♀(Un). (Pak Chong; Bangkok; Kanchanaburi)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages (Chiang Mai; Kanchanaburi; Sa Kaeo; Bangkok; Ratchaburi) (accessed: 2023.05.17)
Troides aeacus thomsonii ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 150-151, figs.Abb.Pa-048-053. (Phang Nga)

[ LAOS ]
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Ohya,1983 : 296. (Laos)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Haugum & Low,1985 : 334. (Vientianne)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 45, col.pl.11,♂ ; pl.1, figs.1,♂,2,♂(Un),3,♀,4,♀(Un). (Tha Ngone; Vientiane; Ban Houei Sai; Nam Ngum Dam)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 200, pl.1, figs.♂,♀. (Vientiane)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Matsuka,2001 : 189. (Oudom Xay; Ban Houayxay; Muang Xaignabouri; Nam Pouy; Muang Kasi; Viangchan; Lak Sao; Muang Khammouan; Sebong Fai; Muang Tha Teng)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Cotton & Racheli,[2007] : 322-323. (throughout the country)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Onodera,2009b : 34-35. (Vientinane: Namsong Riverside)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Racheli & Cotton,2010 : 22-24. (Laos)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 41.
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Suwa et al.,2013 : 6. (Nahin; Thakhek; Phou Phoung; Oudom Xai)
Troides aeacus ; Suwa et al.,2019 : 5. (Lak Sao; Savannakhet; Nachan)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Onodera,2022 : 3, pl.1, figs.♂,♂(Un), pl.2, ♀,♀(Un). (Khammouan: Nahin; Thakhek)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Troides aeacus ; Fruhstorfer,1903 : 167-169. (Cambodja: Pnon-Pen)
Papilio aeacus f. thomsoni [sic] ; Dubois & Vitalis,1914 : 146. (Cambodge)
Papilio aeacus f. thomsoni [sic] ; Vitalis,1919 : 210. (Cambodge)
Papilui aeacus f. thomsoni [sic] ; Dubois & Vitalis,1921 : 8. (Cambodge)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Ohya,1983 : 296. (Cambodia)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Matsuka,2001 : 189. (Cambodia)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Racheli & Cotton,2010 : 22-24. (Cambodia)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 128. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Kosterin,2019 : 89. (Preah Sihanouk)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Kosterin,2020 : 312. (Siem Reap)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 113. (Battambang; Kampot; Mondulkiri; Phnom Penh; Preah Sihanouk; Preah Vihear; Siem Reap)

[ VIETNAM ]
Troides aeacus ; Fruhstorfer,1903 : 167-169. (Tonkin: Mau-Son / Annam: Qui-Nhon; Nha-Trang)
Papilio aeacus aeacus ; Jordan,1909 : 25. (Tonkin)
Papilio aeacus ; Lemée,1950 : 3. (Hagiang; Hanoi)
Papilio aeacus aeacus ; Metaye,1957 : 80. (N / C / S)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Ohya,1983 : 296. (Vietnam)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Haugum & Low,1985 : 334. (Trang Bom)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Ikeda et al.,1998 : 13, figs.3:1,♂,2,♀,9:1(♂genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Troides aeacus praecox ; Shinkai,1999 : 47. (N: Hanoi / S: near Dalat)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Matsuka,2001 : 189. (Sa Pa; Tam Dao; Tam Moi; Cuc Phuong; Qui Nhon; Nha Trang; Tram Bo; Phan Rang; Bao Lok; Ho Chi Minh)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Luong et al.,2004 : 1, 18, figs.♂,♂(Un), 19, figs.♀,♀(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006 : 7, figs.pa-1,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dong Nai: Thac Mai)
Troides aeacus ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 38. (Thua Thien Hue: Bach Ma)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Monastyrskii,2007 : 25-26, pl.2, figs.a♂,b♀. (N: Hoang Lien; Tam Dao; Ba Be; Huu Lien; Ba Vi; Cat Ba; Bai Tu Long / C: Cue Phuong; Pu Mat; Huong Son; Vu Quang; Phong Nha/Ke Bang; Bach Ma; Song Thanh; Kon Cha Rang; Bao Loc; Da Teh / S: La Nga; Saigon; Tan Dinh; Nui Ong Yem; Hiep Hoa; Binh Thu; Cat Tien)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Racheli & Cotton,2010 : 22-24. (Vietnam)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 11. (N / C / S)
Troides aeacus aeacus ; Saito et al.,2017 : 77. (S: Nui Cam)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 2♀ (RIEB).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Rai : 2♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 10♂ 2♀ (RIEB) (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lampang : 5♂ 5♀ (RIEB) (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phrae : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nan : 1♂ 1♀ (RIEB).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Uttaradit : 1♀ (RIEB).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Kanchanaburi : 1♀ (RIEB).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchabun : 1♂ (photo by T.Aoyama).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Saraburi : 6♀ (photo by T.Aoyama).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Nayok : 2♂ 1♀ (photo by T.Aoyama).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chonburi : 2♂ 1♀ (RIEB).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 1♂ (RIEB).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchaburi : 1♀ (photo by T.Aoyama).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Bolikhamxai : 1♀ (photo by K.Saito).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Khammouan : 2♂ 4♀ (photo by K.Saito).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Champasak : 1♀ (RIEB).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Lam Dong : 1♂ (RIEB).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Dong Nai : 1♀ (RIEB).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is common in woodlands at low to high elevations (Alt. 200 - 2200m) and is occasionally seen in urban areas. Both sexes visit flowers. Males are frequently observed coming to streams to suck water during the dry season in N.Thailand.
The records and photos from Phang Nga, P.Thailand in Küppers & Janikorn (2017) are interesting. Female photos of Pa-051 and 052 are definitely ssp.aeacus, but Pa-049 seems slightly approach ssp.malaiianus. Regarding the presence of the nominotypical subspecies in the Phang Nga area, I am considering the possibility that ssp.aeacus bred at the butterfly farm may have escaped and is breeding there. Further distributional research with reliable specimens is needed.

Felder, C. & Felder, R.,1860 : Lepidopterologische Fragmente. VI.
Wien. ent. Monats. 4(8):225-251, pl.3,4.

Bates, H.W.,1875 : Diurnal Lepidoptera of Siam.
in Thomson, John, The Straits of Malacca, Indo-China and China, or ten year's travels, adventures and residence abroad.
London. xv + 546pp, 25 pls, 4 maps (8vo).

Fruhstorfer, H.,1913 : Neue Indo-Australiche Rhopaloceren.
Deut. ent. Zeit. [Iris] 27(3):130-139.

Ohya, T.,1983 : Birdwing Butterflies
Kodansha, Tokyo. 331 pp, 136 pls.

Haugum, J. & Low, A.M.,1985 : A Monograph of the Birdwing Butterflies. Vol.2, part.3. Troides; helena & aeacus groups
E.J.Brill. Scandinavian Science Press LTD. Leiden, Copenhagen.

Matsuka, H.,2001 : Natural History of Birdwing Butterflies
Matsuka shuppan. 367 pp.

♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♂ with Troides helena (above), Chiang Mai, Thailand.

1996.09.26 - 2024.02.29.