♂, Mae Hong Son, Thailand.		♀ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.		♀, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
♂ (dsf), Nakhon Si Tammarat, Thailand.		♂ (dsf), Ranong, Thailand.

ON : Papilio almana Linnaeus, 1758 OD : Syst. nat. (ed.10) 1: 472. TL : 'Asia' [Guangdong, China]. Distribution : Sri Lanka, India to Myanmar, Andamans, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan, China, Taiwan, S.Japan, Langkawi, W.Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Simeulue, Nias, Banjak, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumba, Sumbawa, Palawan, Philippines.

[ THAILAND ]
Junonia almana almana : Fruhstorfer,1906 : 352. (Siam)
Precis almana almana ; Godfrey,1916 : 126.
Precis almana javana ; Pendlebury,1923 : 38. (Nakhon Sri Thammarat: Khao Ram)
Precis almana almana ; Godfrey,1927 : 123. (N)
Precis almana almana ; Godfrey,1930 : 272. (except P)
Precis almana javana ; Godfrey,1932a : 268. (P)
Precis almana almana ; Pinratana,1979 : 23, figs.N33,♂(dsf),♂(dsf,Un),♂(wsf),♂(wsf,Un). (Chiang Mai; Bangkok; Nonthaburi; Tak)
Junonia almana almana ; Pinratana & Eliot,1996 : 33, pl.14, figs.36a♂,♀. (Chiang Mai; Tak; Nakhon Nayok; Bangkok; Chanthaburi; Rayong)
Junonia almana javana ; Pinratana & Eliot,1996 : 33, pl.14, figs.36b♂. (Songkhla)
Junonia almana almana ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 25, fig.65.♂. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Huay Sing; Nam Tok Tad Ton; Nam Tok Kham Cha I; Ban Na Lak; Ubon Ratchathani: Ban Na Pho Krang; Phu Chong Na Yoi; Kaeng Tana; Nam Tok Soi Sawan; Kaeng E-Keow)
Junonia almana almana ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 50. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Hin Khan; Nam Tok Tad Ton)
Junonia almana almana ; Katsuyama et al.,2005 : 69, fig.139.♂. (Umphang)
Junonia almana almana ; Katsuyama et al.,2006 : 49, fig.107.♀. (Nan: Ban Nam Poon)
Jononia almana javana ; RDPB & DNP,2006-2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.[♂]. (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.27 ; accessed: 2024.05.11)
Junonia almana almana ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 370, pl.159, figs.N37a♂,♂(Un),♂(dsf). (Bangkok)
Junonia almana javana ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 370, pl.159, figs.N37b♂,♂(Un),♂. (Krabi; Hat Yai)
Junonia almana almana ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀. (Koh Samui; Koh Phangan) (accessed: 2021.09.18)
Junonia almana almana ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 500, pl.223, figs.N385,♂,♂(Un),♂(dsf),♂,♂(Un),♂. (Bangkok; Krabi; Hat Yai)
Junonia almana almana ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 9. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Junonia almana almana ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs. (Sa Kaeo; Bangkok) (accessed: 2023.04.23)
Junonia almana almana ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 58, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Doi Suthep; Chiang Mai; Doi Inthanon; Phu Khiewo; Sarika; Nakohn Nayork; Wam Nam Khiewo; Kao Soi Dao; Pliewn WF; Bang Sarrey; Wang Khaeo; Doi Musso)
Junonia almana javana ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 58, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Ka Chong; Sonkhla; Haadjai; Than To WF.)
Junonia almana almana ; Chaianunporn & Chaianunporn,2019 : 86. (Chaiyaphum: Chulabhorn Dam)
Junonia almana almana ; Küppers & Janikorn,2020 : 93-94, figs.Abb.N-557-562. (Phang Nga)

[ LAOS ]
Junonia almana almana ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 55, pl.49, figs.3.♂(dsf),4.♂(dsf.Un),5.♂(wsf),6.♂(wsf.Un). (no data)
Junonia almana almana ; Osada, Uemura & Uehara,1999 : 205, pl.50, figs.♂,♂(dsf). (Xam Neua; Oudomxay)
Junonia almana almana ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 41. (Namdhua; Thabeng; Thakhek; Nhahin; Laksao; Nakai)
Junonia almana almana ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 44.
Junonia almana almana ; Onodera,2022 : 28, pl.96, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Xaisomboun: Nam Phang; Khammouan: Natung; Vientiane)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Junonia almana almana ; Woodfield & Murton,2006 : figs,♀,♀(Un). (Botum Sakor NP.)
Junonia almana almana ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 129. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Junonia almana almana ; Kosterin,2019 : 97. (Koh Kong; Preah Sihanouk)
Junonia almana almana ; Kosterin,2019b : 30. (Ratanakiri)
Junonia almana almana ; Kosterin,2020 : 326. (Siem Reap; Stung Treng)
Junonia almana almana ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 119. (Battambang; Kampong Cham; Kep; Koh Kong; Kratie; Mondulkiri; Phnom Penh; Preah Sihanouk; Pursat; Preah Vihear; Ratanakiri; Siem Reap; Stueng Treng; Tak)

[ VIETNAM ]
Junonia almana ; Joannis,1901 : 321. (Tonkin: Cao Bang)
Junonia almana almana : Fruhstorfer,1906 : 352. (Tonkin / Annam)
Precis almana almana ; Fruhstorfer,1912 : 519. (Tonkin)
Precis almana almana ; Godfrey,1919 : 467. (S: Daban)
Precis almana almana ; Moulton,1923 : 130. (Pulo Condore)
Precis asterie ; Lemée,1950 : 12. (Hagiang)
Precis almana ; Lemée,1950 : 12. (Hagiang; Langson)
Precis almana almana f.hib. almana ; Metaye,1957 : 94. (N / C / S)
Precis almana almana f.aest. asterie ; Metaye,1957 : 94. (N / C / S)
Junonia almana almana ; Ikeda et al.,2000 : 30, figs.3:5.♂(WSF),6.♂(WSF,Un),fig.7.♂(DSF),8.♂(DSF,Un), fig.9:16(♂,genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Junonia almanae ; Vu,2003 : 57. (Phu Quoc)
Junonia almana almana ; Luong et al.,2004 : 6, 60, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Junonia almana ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 40. (Thua Thien Hue: A Luoi; Huong Thuy)
Junonia almana almana ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006b : 17, figs.N-23.♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Gung Re; Dong Nai; Bin Thuan: Dong Tien)
Junonia almana almana ; Nihira,2009 : 99. (Phu Quoc)
Junonia almana almana ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 33. (N / C / S)
Junonia almana almana ; Saito et al.,2017 : 81. (S: Nui Cam; Nui Coto)
Junonia almana almana ; Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(1):123, pl.28, figs.4a♂(dsf),4b♂(dsf,Un),4c♂(wsf),4d♂(wsf,Un).

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 4♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 10♂ 2♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchabun : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Sa Kaeo : 1♀ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Ranong : 3♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Si Thammarat : 2♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yala : 1♂ (photo by S.Atdhabhan).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Xaisomboun : 1♂ (photo by H.Onodera).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Champasak : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

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Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is locally common in dry grass field, open land and secondary forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 30 - 1000m). Both sexes visit flowers.

Linnaeus, C.,1758 : Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis.
Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii. (Edition 10). 1(Animalia): [iv]+824pp.

Felder, C.,1862 : Verzeichniss der von den Naturforschern der K.K.Fregatte "Novara" gesammelten Macrolepidopteren.
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12: 473-496.

Doherty, W.,1891 : The Butterflies of Sumba and Smbawa, with some Account of the Island of Sumba.
J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Part II. 60(2): 141-197, pl.2.

Corbet, A.S.,1949 : The Linnaean Names of Indo-Australian Rhopalocera. Part 7. Summary of Determinations.
Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond (B)18(9-10): 191-199.

Tsukada, E.,1985 : In: Tsukada, E. (Ed.), Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands IV. Nymphalidae (1).
Tokyo, Plapac Co., Ltd. 558 pp. (158 col. pls.) (in Japanese)

Chou, I., Yuan, X.Q., Yin, H.S., Zhang, C.S. & Chen, X.C.,2002 : New Species, New Subspecies, and New Records of Butterflies from China (VI).
Entomotaxonomia 24(1): 52-68, 23 figs.

♂ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀, Sa Kaeo, Thailand.
♂, Phetchabun, Thailand.	♂, Yala, Thailand. (photo by S.Atdhabhan)

2008.02.29 - 2024.07.31.