♂, Mae Hong Son, Thailand.		♀ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.		♀, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
♂ (dsf), Nakhon Si Tammarat, Thailand.		♂ (dsf), Ranong, Thailand.

ON : Papilio almana Linnaeus, 1758 OD : Syst. nat. (ed.10) 1:472. TL : 'Asia' ["Canton" [Guangdong], China]. Distribution : Sri Lanka, India to Myanmar, Andamans, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan, China, Taiwan, S.Japan, Langkawi, W.Malaysia, Singapore, Sumatra, Simeulue, Nias, Banjak, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumba, Sumbawa, Palawan, Philippines.

[ THAILAND ]
Junonia almana almana : Fruhstorfer,1906 : 352. (Siam)
Precis almana almana ; Godfrey,1916 : 126.
Precis almana javana ; Pendlebury,1923 : 38. (Nakhon Sri Thammarat: Khao Ram)
Precis almana almana ; Godfrey,1927 : 123. (N)
Precis almana almana ; Godfrey,1930 : 272. (except P)
Precis almana javana ; Godfrey,1932a : 268. (P)
Precis almana almana ; Pinratana,1979 : 23, figs.N33,♂(dsf),♂(dsf,Un),♂(wsf),♂(wsf,Un). (Chiang Mai; Bangkok; Nonthaburi; Tak)
Junonia almana almana ; Pinratana & Eliot,1996 : 33, pl.14, figs.36a♂,♀. (Chiang Mai; Tak; Nakhon Nayok; Bangkok; Chanthaburi; Rayong)
Junonia almana javana ; Pinratana & Eliot,1996 : 33, pl.14, figs.36b♂. (Songkhla)
Junonia almana almana ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 25, fig.65.♂. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Huay Sing; Nam Tok Tad Ton; Nam Tok Kham Cha I; Ban Na Lak; Ubon Ratchathani: Ban Na Pho Krang; Phu Chong Na Yoi; Kaeng Tana; Nam Tok Soi Sawan; Kaeng E-Keow)
Junonia almana almana ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 50. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Hin Khan; Nam Tok Tad Ton)
Junonia almana almana ; Katsuyama et al.,2005 : 69, fig.139.♂. (Umphang)
Junonia almana almana ; Katsuyama et al.,2006 : 49, fig.107.♀. (Nan: Ban Nam Poon)
Jononia almana javana ; RDPB & DNP,2006-2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.[♂]. (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.27 ; accessed: 2024.05.11)
Junonia almana almana ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 370, pl.159, figs.N37a♂,♂(Un),♂(dsf). (Bangkok)
Junonia almana javana ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 370, pl.159, figs.N37b♂,♂(Un),♂. (Krabi; Hat Yai)
Junonia almana almana ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀. (Koh Samui; Koh Phangan) (accessed: 2021.09.18)
Junonia almana almana ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 500, pl.223, figs.N385,♂,♂(Un),♂(dsf),♂,♂(Un),♂. (Bangkok / Krabi / Hat Yai)
Junonia almana almana ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 9. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Junonia almana almana ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs. (Sa Kaeo; Bangkok) (accessed: 2023.04.23)
Junonia almana almana ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 58, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Doi Suthep; Chiang Mai; Doi Inthanon; Phu Khiewo; Sarika; Nakohn Nayork; Wam Nam Khiewo; Kao Soi Dao; Pliewn WF; Bang Sarrey; Wang Khaeo; Doi Musso)
Junonia almana javana ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 58, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Ka Chong; Sonkhla; Haadjai; Than To WF.)
Junonia almana almana ; Chaianunporn & Chaianunporn,2019 : 86. (Chaiyaphum: Chulabhorn Dam)
Junonia almana almana ; Küppers & Janikorn,2020 : 93-94, figs.Abb.N-557-562. (Phang Nga)

[ LAOS ]
Junonia almana almana ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 55, pl.49, figs.3.♂(dsf),4.♂(dsf.Un),5.♂(wsf),6.♂(wsf.Un). (no data)
Junonia almana almana ; Osada, Uemura & Uehara,1999 : 205, pl.50, figs.♂,♂(dsf). (Xam Neua; Oudomxay)
Junonia almana almana ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 41. (Namdhua; Thabeng; Thakhek; Nhahin; Laksao; Nakai)
Junonia almana almana ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 44.
Junonia almana almana ; Onodera,2022 : 28, pl.96, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Xaisomboun: Nam Phang; Khammouan: Natung; Vientiane)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Junonia almana almana ; Woodfield & Murton,2006 : figs,♀,♀(Un). (Botum Sakor NP.)
Junonia almana almana ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 129. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Junonia almana almana ; Kosterin,2019 : 97. (Koh Kong; Preah Sihanouk)
Junonia almana almana ; Kosterin,2019b : 30. (Ratanakiri)
Junonia almana almana ; Kosterin,2020 : 326. (Siem Reap; Stung Treng)
Junonia almana almana ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 119. (Battambang; Kampong Cham; Kep; Koh Kong; Kratie; Mondulkiri; Phnom Penh; Preah Sihanouk; Pursat; Preah Vihear; Ratanakiri; Siem Reap; Stueng Treng; Tak)

[ VIETNAM ]
Junonia almana ; Joannis,1901 : 321. (Tonkin: Cao Bang)
Junonia almana almana : Fruhstorfer,1906 : 352. (Tonkin / Annam)
Precis almana almana ; Fruhstorfer,1912 : 519. (Tonkin)
Precis almana almana ; Godfrey,1919 : 467. (S: Daban)
Precis almana almana ; Moulton,1923 : 130. (Pulo Condore)
Precis asterie ; Lemée,1950 : 12. (Hagiang)
Precis almana ; Lemée,1950 : 12. (Hagiang; Langson)
Precis almana almana f.hib. almana ; Metaye,1957 : 94. (N / C / S)
Precis almana almana f.aest. asterie ; Metaye,1957 : 94. (N / C / S)
Junonia almana almana ; Ikeda et al.,2000 : 30, figs.3:5.♂(WSF),6.♂(WSF,Un),fig.7.♂(DSF),8.♂(DSF,Un), fig.9:16(♂,genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Junonia almanae ; Vu,2003 : 57. (Phu Quoc)
Junonia almana almana ; Luong et al.,2004 : 6, 60, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Junonia almana ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 40. (Thua Thien Hue: A Luoi; Huong Thuy)
Junonia almana almana ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006b : 17, figs.N-23.♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Gung Re; Dong Nai; Bin Thuan: Dong Tien)
Junonia almana almana ; Nihira,2009 : 99. (Phu Quoc)
Junonia almana almana ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 33. (N / C / S)
Junonia almana almana ; Saito et al.,2017 : 81. (S: Nui Cam; Nui Coto)
Junonia almana almana ; Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(1):123, pl.28, figs.4a♂(dsf),4b♂(dsf,Un),4c♂(wsf),4d♂(wsf,Un).

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 4♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 10♂ 2♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchabun : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Sa Kaeo : 1♀ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Ranong : 3♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Si Thammarat : 2♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yala : 1♂ (photo by S.Atdhabhan).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Xaisomboun : 1♂ (photo by H.Onodera).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Champasak : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is locally common in dry grass field, open land and secondary forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 30 - 1000m). Both sexes visit flowers.

Linnaeus, C.,1758 : Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis.
Holmiae, Laurentii Salvii. (Edition 10). 1(Animalia):[iv]+824pp.

Felder, C.,1862 : Verzeichniss der von den Naturforschern der K.K.Fregatte "Novara" gesammelten Macrolepidopteren.
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 12:473-496.

Doherty, W.,1891 : The Butterflies of Sumba and Smbawa, with some Account of the Island of Sumba.
J. asiat. Soc. Bengal, Part II. 60(2):141-197, pl.2.

Corbet, A.S.,1949 : The Linnaean Names of Indo-Australian Rhopalocera. Part 7. Summary of Determinations.
Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond (B)18(9-10):191-199.

Tsukada, E.,1985 : Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands. IV Nymphalidae (1).
Plapac Co., Ltd. 558 pp. 158.col.pls.

Chou, I., Yuan, X.Q., Yin, H.S., Zhang, C.S. & Chen, X.C.,2002 : New Species, New Subspecies, and New Records of Butterflies from China (VI).
Entomotaxonomia 24(1):52-68, 23 figs.

♂ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀, Sa Kaeo, Thailand.
♂, Phetchabun, Thailand.	♂, Yala, Thailand. (photo by S.Atdhabhan)

2008.02.29 - 2024.07.31.