♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♀, Nan, Thailand.
♂, Chaiyaphum, Thailand.		♀, Nan, Thailand.
♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♀, Surat Thani (Koh Phangan dist.), Thailand.

ON : Papilio canace Linnaeus, 1763 OD : Amoen. acad. 6:406. TL : not stated ["Canton" [Guangdong], China]. Distribution : Nepal, India (Sikkim) to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan, S.China. ● ssp.canace ● ssp.perakana

Papilio charonia Drury, 1773 : Ill. nat. Hist. Exot. Insects 1: index, 29, pl.15, figs.1,2. TL. China.
Papilio kollina Meerburgh, 1780 : Afb. zeldz. Gew. : [22], pl.43. TL. China.

[ THAILAND ]
Vanessa canace canace ; Godfrey,1930 : 273. (Chiang Rai)
Polygonia canace canace ; Pinratana,1979 : 27, figs.N39,♂,♂(Un). (Chiang Mai; Loei; Chanthaburi; Kao Yai)
Kaniska canace canace ; Pinratana & Eliot,1996 : 30, pl.12, figs.27,♂,♂(Un). (Chiang Mai; Loei; Nakhon Nayok; Chanthaburi)
Kaniska canace canace ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 50, fig.18,♂. (Ubon Ratchathani: Phu Chong Na Yoi)
Kaniska canace canace ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 366, pl.157, figs.N30[a]♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Pak Chong; Chiang Dao; Doi Phu Kha)
Kaniska canace canace ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂['♀'](Un). (Koh Samui; Koh Phangan) (accessed: 2021.09.18)
Kaniska canace canace ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 498, pl.221 figs.N378a♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Pak Chong; Chiang Dao; Doi Phu Kha)
Kaniska canace canace ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 56, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Doi Pha Hom Pok; Chiang Dao; Doi Phui; Doi Inthanon; Maethro; Phu Kradung; Kao Yai; Kao Soi Dao)
Nymphalis canace canace ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2024- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Chiang Mai; Petchabun; Chanthaburi) (accessed: 2024.05.11)

[ LAOS ]
Vanessa canace f. charonia ; Dubois & Vitalis,1924 : 37. (Laos)
Kaniska canace canace ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 56, pl.52, figs.3,♂,4,♂(Un). (Pakse)
Kaniska canace canace ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 205, pl.50, figs.♂,♀. (Lak Sao; Xiang Khouang)
Kaniska canace canace ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 41. (Laksao)
Kaniska canace canace ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 44.
Kaniska canace canace ; Onodera,2022 : 29, pl.98, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Xiengkhouang: Nachan; Oudomxai)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Kaniska canace canace ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 129. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Kaniska canace canace ; Kosterin,2019b : 30. (Mondulkiri)
Kaniska canace canace ; Kosterin,2020 : 327. (Siem Reap)
Kaniska canace canace ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 119. (Mondulkiri; Pursat; Siem Reap)

[ VIETNAM ]
Vanessa canace ; Joannis,1901 : 322. (Tonkin: Cao Bang)
Vanessa charonia ; Vitalis,1919 : 228. (Annam / Tonkin)
Vanessa canace f. charonia ; Dubois & Vitalis,1924 : 37. (Tonkin / Annam)
Vanessa charonia ; Lemée,1950 : 12. (Hagiang)
Vanessa canace charonia ; Metaye,1957 : 94. (N / C)
Kaniska canace canace ; Luong et al.,2004 : 6, 58, figs.♀,♀(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Kaniska canace ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 40. (Thua Thien Hue: Bach Ma)
Kaniska canace canace ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006b : 17, figs.N-19,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri)
Kaniska canace canace ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 32. (N / C / S: to Dong Nai)
Kaniska canace canace ; Yokochi et al.,2015 : 41, figs.82,♂,82v♂(Un),83,♀,84v♀(Un). (Khanh Hoa: Hon Ba)
Kaniska canace canace ; Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(1):110-111, pl.26, figs.5a♂,5b♂(Un). (N: Muong Nhe; Hoang Lien; Na Hang; Tam Dao; Ba Vi; Cuc Phuong / C: Pu Hoat; Vu Quang; Bach Ma; Ngoc Linh; Kon Plong; Ba To; Kon Cha Rang; Kon Ka Kinh; Bi Doup; Cat Tien; Da Teh; Bao Lam; Hon Ba; Yok Don; Chu Yang Sin / S: Nam Cat Tien)

[ THAILAND ]
Chiang Mai : 10♂ 2♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

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Lampang : 2♂ (photo).

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Nan : 6♂ 2♀.

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Loei : 2♂ 1♀ (photo).

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Phetchabun : 1♂ (photo).

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Chaiyaphum : 1♂.

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Tak : 1♂ (photo).

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Chanthaburi : 4♂ 1♀.

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Trat : 1♂ (photo).

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Surat Thani (Koh Phangan dist.) : 1♂ 1♀ (incl. photo by A.Giudici).

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The butterfly is locally common in montane forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1700m). Males are territorial on trunks of trees or on the ground.

Linnaeus, C.,1763 : Centuria Insectorum, Proposuit Boas Johansson.
Amoen. acad. 6:384-415.

Drury, D.,1773 : Illustrations of natural history; wherein are exhibited ... Illust. Nat. Hist. Exot. Insects.
1(index): xiii pp, 50 pls. London.

Meerburgh, N.,1775-1780 : Afbeeldingen van zeldzaame Gewassen.
Ley-den. [24] pp, 50 pls.

Corbet, A.S.,1949 : The Linnaean Names of Indo-Australian Rhopalocera. Part 7. Summary of Determinations.
Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond (B)18(9-10):191-199.

Bozano, G.C. (ed.), Bozano, G.C. & Floriani, A.,2012 : Guide to the Butterflies of the Palearctic Region. Nymphalidae part 5, Subfamily Nymphalinae
Omnes Artes, Milano. 90 pp.

Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J., Opler, P.A. & Grishin, N.V.,2021 : Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy
The Taxonomic Report of the international lepidoptera survey 9(3):1-54.

♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀ (laying eggs), Loei, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (territorial behavior), Phetchabun, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

2008.02.29 - 2024.07.31.