♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♀, Nan, Thailand.
♂, Chaiyaphum, Thailand.		♀, Nan, Thailand.
♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♀, Surat Thani (Koh Phangan dist.), Thailand.

ON : Papilio canace Linnaeus, 1763 OD : Amoen. acad. 6: 406. TL : not stated [Guangdong, China]. Distribution : Nepal, Sikkim to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan, S.China. ● ssp.canace ● ssp.perakana

Papilio charonia Drury, 1773 : Ill. nat. Hist. Exot. Insects 1: index, 29, pl.15, figs.1, 2. TL. "China".
Papilio kollina Meerburgh, 1780 : Afb. zeldz. Gew.: [22], pl.43. TL. "China".

[ THAILAND ]
Vanessa canace canace ; Godfrey,1930 : 273. (Chiang Rai)
Polygonia canace canace ; Pinratana,1979 : 27, figs.N39,♂,♂(Un). (Chiang Mai; Loei; Chanthaburi; Kao Yai)
Kaniska canace canace ; Pinratana & Eliot,1996 : 30, pl.12, figs.27,♂,♂(Un). (Chiang Mai; Loei; Nakhon Nayok; Chanthaburi)
Kaniska canace canace ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 50, fig.18,♂. (Ubon Ratchathani: Phu Chong Na Yoi)
Kaniska canace canace ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 366, pl.157, figs.N30[a]♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Pak Chong; Chiang Dao; Doi Phu Kha)
Kaniska canace canace ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂['♀'](Un). (Koh Samui; Koh Phangan) (accessed: 2021.09.18)
Kaniska canace canace ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 498, pl.221 figs.N378a♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Pak Chong; Chiang Dao; Doi Phu Kha)
Kaniska canace canace ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 56, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Doi Pha Hom Pok; Chiang Dao; Doi Phui; Doi Inthanon; Maethro; Phu Kradung; Kao Yai; Kao Soi Dao)
Nymphalis canace canace ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2024- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Chiang Mai; Petchabun; Chanthaburi) (accessed: 2024.05.11)

[ LAOS ]
Vanessa canace f. charonia ; Dubois & Vitalis,1924 : 37. (Laos)
Kaniska canace canace ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 56, pl.52, figs.3,♂,4,♂(Un). (Pakse)
Kaniska canace canace ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 205, pl.50, figs.♂,♀. (Lak Sao; Xiang Khouang)
Kaniska canace canace ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 41. (Laksao)
Kaniska canace canace ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 44.
Kaniska canace canace ; Onodera,2022 : 29, pl.98, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Xiengkhouang: Nachan; Oudomxai)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Kaniska canace canace ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 129. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Kaniska canace canace ; Kosterin,2019b : 30. (Mondulkiri)
Kaniska canace canace ; Kosterin,2020 : 327. (Siem Reap)
Kaniska canace canace ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 119. (Mondulkiri; Pursat; Siem Reap)

[ VIETNAM ]
Vanessa canace ; Joannis,1901 : 322. (Tonkin: Cao Bang)
Vanessa charonia ; Vitalis,1919 : 228. (Annam / Tonkin)
Vanessa canace f. charonia ; Dubois & Vitalis,1924 : 37. (Tonkin / Annam)
Vanessa charonia ; Lemée,1950 : 12. (Hagiang)
Vanessa canace charonia ; Metaye,1957 : 94. (N / C)
Kaniska canace canace ; Luong et al.,2004 : 6, 58, figs.♀,♀(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Kaniska canace ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 40. (Thua Thien Hue: Bach Ma)
Kaniska canace canace ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006b : 17, figs.N-19,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri)
Kaniska canace canace ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 32. (N / C / S: to Dong Nai)
Kaniska canace canace ; Yokochi et al.,2015 : 41, figs.82,♂,82v♂(Un),83,♀,84v♀(Un). (Khanh Hoa: Hon Ba)
Kaniska canace canace ; Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(1):110-111, pl.26, figs.5a♂,5b♂(Un). (N: Muong Nhe; Hoang Lien; Na Hang; Tam Dao; Ba Vi; Cuc Phuong / C: Pu Hoat; Vu Quang; Bach Ma; Ngoc Linh; Kon Plong; Ba To; Kon Cha Rang; Kon Ka Kinh; Bi Doup; Cat Tien; Da Teh; Bao Lam; Hon Ba; Yok Don; Chu Yang Sin / S: Nam Cat Tien)

[ THAILAND ]
Chiang Mai : 10♂ 2♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

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May

Jun

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Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lampang : 2♂ (photo).

Jan

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Mar

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Dec

Nan : 6♂ 2♀.

Jan

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Dec

Loei : 2♂ 1♀ (photo).

Jan

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Apr

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Dec

Phetchabun : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

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Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chaiyaphum : 1♂.

Jan

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Mar

Apr

May

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Sep

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Dec

Tak : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

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Sep

Oct

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Dec

Chanthaburi : 4♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

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Sep

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Dec

Trat : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

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Surat Thani (Koh Phangan dist.) : 1♂ 1♀ (incl. photo by A.Giudici).

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The butterfly is locally common in montane forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1700m). Males are territorial on trunks of trees or on the ground.

Linnaeus, C.,1763 : Centuria Insectorum, Proposuit Boas Johansson.
Amoen. acad. 6: 384-415.

Drury, D.,1770 : Illustrations of Natural History. Wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty [two hundred and twenty; two hundred] figures of exotic insects, according to their different genera; very few of which have hitherto been figured by any author, being engraved and coloured from nature, with the greatest accuracy, and under the author's own inspection, on fifty copper-plates. With a particular description of each insect: interspersed with remarks and reflections on the nature and properties of many of them.
1: xxviii + 130, 50 pls. ([23.Apr].1770), London, B. White. (suppressed; ICZN, Opinion 474)

Meerburgh, N.,1780 : Afbeeldingen van zeldzaame Gewassen.
(5): 4 pp, pls. 41-50 (25.Dec.1780), Leyden, Johannes Le Mair.

Corbet, A.S.,1949 : The Linnaean Names of Indo-Australian Rhopalocera. Part 7. Summary of Determinations.
Proc. R. Entomol. Soc. Lond (B)18(9-10): 191-199.

Hemming, F. (Ed.),1957 : Opinions and declarations rendered by the international commision on Zoological Nomenclature.
Opinion 474. Determination of the dates to be assigned for the purposes of the Law of Priority to the names published in Dru Drury's Illustrations of Natural History in the period 1770-1782.
ICZN 16(16): 297-306. London.

Bozano, G.C. & Floriani, A.,2012 : In: Bozano, G.C. (Ed.), Guide to the Butterflies of the Palearctic Region. Nymphalidae part 5, Subfamily Nymphalinae.
Milano, Omnes Artes. 90 pp.

Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J., Opler, P.A. & Grishin, N.V.,2021 : Genomics-guided refinement of butterfly taxonomy.
Taxon. Rep. Int. Lep. Survey 9(3): 1-54.

♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀ (laying eggs), Loei, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (territorial behavior), Phetchabun, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

2008.02.29 - 2024.07.31.