Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa
Möschler, 1878
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♂ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand. |
♀ (dsf), Trat, Thailand. |
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♂ (wsf), Nan, Thailand. |
♀ (wsf), Trat, Thailand. |
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♂ (dsf,ab.), Chiang Mai, Thailand. |
♂ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand. |
ON :
Tagiades litigiosa Möschler, 1878
OD : Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28(Abh.):230.
TL : Sylhet. (♂, MFNB)
Distribution : S.India, Sikkim to Myanmar, Thailand,
Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan, China, Langkawi.
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Synonyms
Tagiades menaka vajuna Fruhstorfer, 1910 : Deut. ent. Zeit. [Iris] 24:78. TL. Malabar, Karwar, S.Indien. (♂, NHML)
Tagiades eson Evans, 1926 : J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 31(1):72. (Published in synonymy)
Type Material Information
litigiosa ;
Lectotype ♂, Sylhet, India. designated by Maruyama,1990. (photo examined.)
Records taken from Literature
[ THAILAND ]
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Godfrey,1927 : 127. (N)
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Godfrey,1930 : 362. (Prae: Me Song forest; Muak Lek; Chonburi: Sriracha; Bangnara)
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Godfrey,1932a : 275. (Surat: Yang Yao)
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Evans,1949 : 146. (Siam)
Tagiades litigiosus litigiosus ; Pinratana,1985 : 43, pl.16, fig.73,♂. (Chiang Mai; Chaiyaphum; Chanthaburi)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 11, fig.11,♂. (Ubon Ratchathani: Phu Chong Na Yoi; Mukdahan: Ban Na Lak; Ban Gok Tum)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 43. (Ubon Ratchathani: Nam Tok Soi Sawan; Phu Chong Na Yoi; Phu Pung; Kaen Tana; Mukdahan: Ban Na Lak)
Tagiades litigiosus litigiosus ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 766, pl.352, figs.H88,♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Wiang Pa Pao)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 768, pl.353, figs.H92,♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Wiang Pa Pao; Huey Kha Khaeng)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, fig.[♂]. (Koh Samui) (accessed: 2023.04.26)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 47, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Doi Par Hom Pok; Chiang Dao; Doi Suthep; Thung Saleng Luang; Phu Khiewo; Khao Yai; Wan Nam Khiewo; Kao Soi Dao; Kratchin WF; Kao Khiewo; Sai York Noi)
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 816, pl.377, figs.H86,♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Wiang Pa Pao; Huey Kha Khaeng)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Inayoshi,2013 - 2023 : Butterflies in Indo-China, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un). (Mae Hong Son; Chiang Mai; Lampang; Nan; Tak; Chanthaburi; Trat; Phetchaburi; Trang) (30.Jun.2023 last updated ; 30.Nov.2023 changed.)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 6. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs, Early Stages. (Chiang Mai; Kamphaeng Phet; Sa Kaeo; Nakhon Nayok; Chanthaburi; Trat) (accessed: 2023.06.08)
Tagiades litigiosus litigiosus ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 80-81, figs.Abb.H-083-084. (Phang Nga)
[ LAOS ]
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 79, pl.111, figs.B9,♂,B10,♂(Un). (Pakse)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 222, pl.136, figs.♂,♀. (Saravan; Thateng)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 49. (Thakhek)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 58.
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Inayoshi,2013 - 2023 : Butterflies in Indo-China. (Pongsali) (30.Jun.2023 last updated ; 30.Nov.2023 changed.)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Onodera,2022 : 108, pl.245, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Oudomxai; Khammouan: Natung)
[ CAMBODIA ]
Tagiades vajuna ; Onodera,2007 : 21, fig.107,♂. (Rattanakiri: Ou Chum)
Tagiades vajuna vajuna ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 125. (Koh Kong; Ratanakiri; Siem Reap)
[ VIETNAM ]
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Inoué & Kawazoé,1965b : 90-91, figs.45,♂,46,♂(Un),47,♀,48,♀(Un). (Trang Bom; Banmethuot)
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Devyatkin & Monastyrskii,1999 : 161. (Cao Bang; Tam Dao; Ba Be; Cuc Phuong; Vu Quang)
Tagiades vajuna ; Ikeda et al.,2001b : 63, figs.2:12,♂,13,♂(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Ikeda et al.,2001b : 63, figs.2:14,♂,15,♂(Un),5:17(♂genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Luong et al.,2004 : 13, 86, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Tagiades litigiosa ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 44. (Thua Thien Hue: Nam Dong; A Luoi; Huong Thuy; Phong Dien)
Tagiades vajuna ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2007b : 7, figs.H-40,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri)
Tagiades litigiosa litigiosa ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 74. (N / C / S)
Tagiades menaka vajuna ; Yokochi et al.,2015 : 43. (Khanh Hoa: Hon Ba)
Specimens Examined
[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 1♂ 1♀.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Chiang Mai : 12♂ 1♀ (incl. photo).
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Lampang : 1♂.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Nan : 4♂ 3♀.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Tak : 2♂.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Chanthaburi : 2♀.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Trat : 2♀.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Phetchaburi : 2♂.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Trang : 1♀.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
[ LAOS ]
Phongsali :1♀.
| Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun |
Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
Notes
The butterfly is common in montane forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1300m).
Both sexes visit flowers.
They often fly out from bushes along the trail and rest on the underside of leaves with their wings spread.
Maruyama (1991:19) examined the male genitalia of the type specimen in the MFNB and strongly suggested that it seemed to be Tagiades menaka.
Subsequently, some authors followed his suggestion and treated it as Tagiades vajuna instead of Tagiades litigiosa.
However, the markings of the type specimen are clearly different from that of menaka.
I have therefore reverted to the previous classification.
Literature
Möschler, H.B.,1878 : Neue exotische Hesperidae
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 28(Abh.):203-230.
Fruhstorfer, H.,1910 : Neue Hesperiden des Indo-Malayischen Faunengebietes und Besprechung verwandter Formen.
Deut. ent. Zeit. [Iris] 24(3-5):58-104.
Evans, W.H.,1926 : The Identification of Indian butterflies. Part.IX.
J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 31(1):49-83, pl.30.
Maruyama, K.,1991 : Butterflies of Borneo. Vol.2, No.2. Hesperiidae.
Tobishima Corporation.
Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J. & Grishin, N.V.,2022 : Taxonoic changes suggested by the genomic analysis of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera)
Insecta Mundi 0921: 1-135.
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| ♂ (dsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand. |
♀ (wsf), Chiang Mai, Thailand. |
A Check list of Butterflies in Indo-China, Chiefly from THAILAND, LAOS & VIETNAM. Copyright © 1996- Y.Inayoshi.
