ON : Papilio pyrene Linnaeus, 1764 OD : Mus. Lud. Ulr.: 241. TL : "China" [Guangdong, China]. Distribution : NE.Vietnam (Lang Son), Guangxi, Guangdong, Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian. ● ssp.yunnanensis ● ssp.pyrene ● (fruhstorferi) transition zone of yunnanensis and verna ● ssp.verna

Papilio pirithous Fabricius, 1775 : Syst. Ent.: 483. TL. 'America boreali' [loc. err. = S.China].
Papilio aenippe Cramer, 1777 : Uitl. Kapellen 2(9/16): 13, pl.105, figs.C, D. TL. "China".
Ixias pyrene tonkiniana forma denigrata Fruhstorfer, 1910 : In: Seitz, Gross-Schmetterl. Erde 9: 158-159. TL. "Tonkin" [N.Vietnam]. (NHML) (DSF)

denigrata ; ♂, Type (red), April,Mai. Montes Mauson, Tonkin. H.Fruhstorfer (NHML, examined)

[ VIETNAM ]
Ixias denigrata ; Vitalis,1919 : 219. (Tonkin)
Ixias pyrene f. denigrata ; Dubois & Vitalis,1921 : 21. (Tonkin)
Ixias tonkiniana ; Lemée,1950 : 5. (Langson) (in part)
Ixias pyrene tonkiniana f.hib. denigrata ; Metaye,1957 : 86. (N)
Ixias pyrene pyrene ; Monastyrskii,2024 : 93-96. (N: Lang Son (Mt. Mau Son))

The population from Lang Son, N.E. Vietnam was treated as the nominotypical subspecies by Monastyrskii (2024).

Linnaeus, C.,1764 : Museum S:ae R:ae M.tis Ludovicae Ulricae Reginae Svecorum, Gothorum, Vandalorumque, etc.
In quo Animalia Rariora, Exotica, Imprimis, Insecta. & Conchilia desribuntur et detarminantur.
Stockholm. i-vi + 720 pp.

Fabricius, J.C.,1775 : Systema Entomologiae, sistens Insectorum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, descriptionibus, observationibus.
Flensbvrgi et Lipsiae, Libraria Kortii 8vo : [i-xxx] + 832 pp.

Cramer, P.,1777 : De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique.
2(9/16): 1-151, pls.97-192 (1777), Amsteldam, S.J.Baalde; Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1910 : 2. Familie: Pieridae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde.
9: 153-168 (2.Apr.1910), Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen.

Gabriel, A.G.,1943 : A revision of the genus Ixias Hübner (Lepidoptera: Pieridae).
Proc. R. ent. Soc. Lond. (B)12(5/6): 55-70.

2025.04.30.