Rapala dieneces dieneces

Rapala dieneces dieneces (Hewitson, 1878)


♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

♂, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. (photo by A.Giudici)		♀, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.

♂, Satun, Thailand.		♀, Satun, Thailand.

♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♀, Trat (Koh Kut dist.), Thailand.

♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♂, Ranong, Thailand.

form drasmos

♂, Champasak, Laos.		♀, Trat (Koh Chang dist.), Thailand.

♂, Chonburi, Thailand.		♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

♂ Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. (dieneces)		♂ Trat (Koh Chang), Thailand. (f.drasmos)

ON : Deudorix dieneces Hewitson, 1878
OD : Ill. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1(Suppl.):31, pl.5a, figs.65,♂, 66,♀(Un), 67,♂(Un).
TL : Singapore.

Distribution : N.E.India to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam,
Langkawi, W.Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Bangka, Palawan,
Sulu, Mindanao.

Synonyms

Rapala drasmos H.H.Druce, 1895 : Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895(3):624, pl.34, fig.13,♀. TL. Labuan, Borneo. (♀, NHML)
Rapala dieneces aurelia Fruhstorfer, 1912 : Berl. ent. Z. 56(3/4):262. TL. S.Annam.

Records taken from Literature

[ THAILAND ]
Rapala xenophon ; Godfrey,1916 : 140. (Chonburi: Hup Bon)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Godfrey,1927 : 127. (N)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Godfrey,1930 : 351. (Pak Jong)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Godfrey,1932a : 274. (P)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Pinratana,1981 : 149, pl.27, figs.13,♂,14,♀,15,♂(Un). (Chiang Mai; Songkhla; Phangna; Phuket)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 260, fig.170,♀. (Mukdahan: Phu Pha Thaep; Phu Huay Sing)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 40. (Ubon Ratchathani: Phu Chong Na Yoi)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 56. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Huai Sing)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 712, pl.325, figs.L412,♂,♂(Un). (in part)
Rapala dieneces dienece ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,[♀](Un). (Koh Samui) (accessed: 2022.10.15)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 758, pl.348, figs.L434,♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Chiang Mai; Koh Chang; Khao Phanom Bencha)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Kimura et al.,2014 : 138, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Tha Ton; Doi Suthep; Ban Salok; Phu Khiewo; Kao Yai; Nakohn Nayork; Wan Nam Kiewo; Pliewn WF; Pha Who; Ka Chong; Tarutao Is; Thaleban; Sonkhula)
Rapala dieneces aurelia ; Kimura et al.,2014 : 138, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Ban Lao Kram; Phu Chong Na Yoi)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Nakhon Nayok; Sa Kaeo; Chanthaburi; Yala) (accessed: 2023.10.22)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Küppers & Janikorn,2020 : 208-209, figs.Abb.L-449,♂,450,♀,451,♂[♀](Un),452,♀(Un). (Phang Nga)

[ LAOS ]
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 77, pl.108, fig.B10,♀[♂]. (no data)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 219. pl.127, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀. (Pakxe; Champasak; Thateng)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 48. (Thakhek; Nhahin)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 56.
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Onodera,2022 : 98, pl.232, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Bolikhamxai: Keng Sa Dec)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Rapala dieneces ; Onodera,2008 : 61. (Mondolkiri: Bousra)
Rapala dieneces ; Onodera,2009 : 36. (Mondolkiri: Bousra)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 124. (Koh Kong; Mondulkiri; Preah Vihear; Stueng Treng)

[ VIETNAM ]
Rapala xenophon aurelia ; Seitz,1924-1927 : 1002. (Annam)
Rapala xenophon aurelia ; Metaye,1957 : 88. (C)
Rapala dienecs [sic] ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 44. (Thua Thien Hue: Phong Dien)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006d : 68, fig.L-141,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dong Nai: Thac Mai; Bin Thuan: Dong Tien)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2007c : 40, fig.L-127,♂. (Lam Dong: Dambri)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 69. (C / S)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Saito et al.,2017 : 79. (S: Nui Cam)

Specimens Examined

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 5♂ (incl. photo).

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Chiang Mai : 7♂ 4♀ (incl. photo).

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Nakhon Nayok : 1♂ (photo by M.Hayashi).

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Rayong : 1♂ (photo by S.Sophonviwatkul).

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Chanthaburi : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Trat (Koh Kut dist.) : 4♀.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Ranong : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Surat Thani (Koh Phangan dist.) : 2♂ 1♀ (photo and incl. photo by A.Giudici).

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Nakhon Si Thammarat : 1♂ 2♀.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Trang : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Pattani : 1♀.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Satun : 2♂ 5♀.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

[ LAOS ]
Lak Sao : 1♀.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Thabok : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

---------------------------------------------------
f.drasmos

Mae Hong Son : 1♂.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Chiang Mai : 10♂ (incl. photo).

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Nakhon Nayok : 1♂ (photo).

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Chonburi : 1♂.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Trat (Koh Chang dist.) : 2♂ 1♀.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Yala : 1♂ (photo by S.Atdhabhan).

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

[ LAOS ]
Champasak : 1♂.

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Lam Dong : 5♂ 6♀ (photo by K.Saito).

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Notes

The butterfly is locally common in montane and secondary forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1200m). Males are territorial on shrubs or trees at hilltops.
Examples of males from E.Thailand to Vietnam have larger red makings on the UpF, and Kimura et al.,2014 treated them as ssp.aurelia. However, this form is sympatric with ordinary dieneces in many places in continental Thailand. I provisionally treat it as form drasmos, since no difference is found in genitalia of both populations. Curiously, the occurrence ratio of this form varies considerably from region to region. I suppose it may be the dry season form. Further taxonomic study is needed.

Literature

Fabricius, J.C.,1793 : Entomologia systematica emedata et aucta. secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus.
3(1): [iv] + 488 pp. Copenhagen. C.G.Proft.

Hewitson, W.C.,1863-1878; Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera. Part I. Lycaenidae.
London, John Van Voorst.
(1):1-37 [sic], pls.1-16. (6.Jul.1863) ; (2):37-76, pls.17-30. (24.Jun.1865) ; (3):77-114, pls.31-46. (1.Apr.1867) ; (4):115-136, 14a-14h, supplementary pp.1-16, pls.47-54, 3a-3c, supplementary pls.1-5. (30.Apr.1869) ; (5):137-151 [sic], pls.55-59, supplementary pl.6. (10.Feb.1873) ; (6):151-185 [sic], pls.60-73. (1.Dec.1874) ; (7):185-209 [sic], pls.74-83 (Jan.1877) ; (8):209-228, supplementary pp. 17-35 [sic], 35-47, pls.84-85, 88-92, supplementary pls.1a-1b, 3a-3b, 4a, 5a-5b, 7-8. (Nov.1878) [pls. 86-87 were never published]

Druce, H.H.,1895 : A Monograph of the Bornean Lycaenidae.
Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895(3):556-627, pls.31-34.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1912 :
Uebersicht der Lycaeniden des Indo-Australischen Gebiets. Begrundet auf die Ausbeute und die Sammlung des Autors.
Berl. ent. Z. 56(3/4):197-272, 4 figs.


♂ (f.drasmos, territorial behavior), Chiang Mai, Thailand.

♀, Trat (Koh Kut dist.), Thailand.	♀, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.

♂, Surat Thani (Koh Phangan dist.), Thailand.	♂, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. (photo by A.Giudici)

♂ (f.drasmos), Yala, Thailand. (photo by S.Atdhabhan)

♂, Nakhon Nayok (f.drasmos), Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai (f.drasmos), Thailand.

1999.07.21 - 2024.06.30.