ON : Papilio columella Cramer, 1780 OD : Uitl. Kapellen 4(25/26a): 15, pl.296, figs.A, B(Un). TL : China. Distribution : Yunnan, N.Vietnam, Hainan, Hong Kong. ● ssp.martabana ● ssp.columella ● ssp.singa

Phaedyma columella tonkiniana Fruhstorfer,1905; Ent. Zeit. 19(17): 90, pl.6, fig.3,♀; TL: "Than Moi, Tonkin" [Than Moi, Lang Son, N.Vietnam]. (MNHN)

[ VIETNAM ]
Neptis columella tonkiniana: Fruhstorfer,1912 : 615. (Tonkin: Than Moi)
Neptis tonkiniana: Vitalis,1919 : 229. (Tonkin)
Neptis columella f. tonkiniana: Dubois & Vitalis,1924 : 40. (Tonkin: Than-Moi)
Neptis columella: Lemée,1950 : 14. (Hagiang)
Neptis columella tonkiniana: Metaye,1957 : 96. (N)
Phaedyma columella columella: Eliot,1969 : 119. (Tonkin)
Phaedyma columella columella: Ikeda et al.,2000 : 36, figs.5:9,♂,10,♂(Un), fig.9:29(♂,genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Phaedyma columella martabana: Luong et al.,2004 : 6, 63, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Phaedyma columella martabana: Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 38. (N) (partim)
Phaedyma columella columella: Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(2):87–88. (N: Muong Nhe; Huu Lien; Tam Dao; Cuc Phuong)

In Ma et al. (2020), Phaedyma amphion (Linnaeus, 1758), the type species of the genus Phaedyma, was included in the molecular analysis and found to be nested within the genus Neptis. However, only a limited number of Phaedyma species were included in the analysis, and the relationship between P. amphion and other species currently assigned to "Phaedyma" remains unclear. Pending the results of further comprehensive molecular studies, the genus name "Phaedyma" is provisionally retained here.

Cramer, P, 1780. De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique.
S.J. Baalde; Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp., Amsteldam, 4(25/26): 1–28, pls. 289–304. (1780)

Fruhstorfer, H, 1905. Neue Neptis (Phaedyma) Lokalrassen.
Entomologische Zeitschrift, 19(17): 89–90, 3 figs. (1.Aug.1905)

Eliot, J.N, 1969. An Analysis of the Eurasian and Australian Neptini (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae).
Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Entomology), Supplement 15: 1–155, 5 pls.

Ma, L, Zhang, Y, Lohman, D.J, Wahlberg, N, Ma,F, Nylin, S, Janz, N, Yago, M, Aduse-Poku, K, Peggie, D, Wang, M, Zhang, P. &Wang, H.S, 2020.
A phylogenomic tree inferred with an inexpensive PCR-generated probe kit resolves higher-level relationships among Neptis butterflies (Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae).
Systematic Entomology, 45(4): 924–934.

2006.02.20 - 2026.08.31.