♂, Nan, Thailand.		♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Ranong, Thailand.		♀, Yala, Thailand.
♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.

ON : Papilio melaneus Cramer, 1775 OD : Uitl. Kapellen 1:48-49, pl.30, fig.D. TL : 'China' [Canton ?] Distribution : Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China, W.Malaysia, {Singapore}, Borneo.

Hestia ephyre Hübner, 1816 : Verz. bekannt. Schmett. (1):15.
Danaida melaneus plataniston Fruhstorfer, 1910 : in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9:210. TL. Sikkim, India.
Danaida melaneus plataniston f. neopatra Fruhstorfer, 1910 : in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9:210. TL. Sikkim, India. (IFS)
Danaida melaneus sinopion Fruhstorfer, 1910 : in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9:210. TL. West Malaysia.

plataniston ; ♂, Syntype (Blue) ; ♀, Syntype (Blue), Sikkim. Fruhstorfer. designated by H.Taylor,1988. (NHML, examined) ; Koiwaya & Nishimura,1997 : figs.21,♂(ST),22,♂(ST,Un),23,♀(ST),24,♀(ST,Un).
neopatra ; ♂, Syntype (Blue) / Type, Darjeeling, Sikkim. H.Fruhstorfer. designated by H.Taylor,1988. (NHML, examined) ; Koiwaya & Nishimura,1997 : figs.24,♂(ST),25,♂(ST,Un).
sinopion ; ♂, Syntype (Blue) ; ♀, Syntype (Blue) / Type, Malaka, Fruhstorfer, H.Frushtorfer. designated by H.Taylor,1988. (NHML, examined) ; Koiwaya & Nishimura,1997 : figs.28,♂(ST),29,♂(ST,Un),30,♀(ST),31,♀(ST,Un).

[ THAILAND ]
Danaida melaneus plataniston ; Fruhstorfer,1910 : 210. (Siam)
Danaida melaneus plataniston ; Pendlebury,1923 : 29. (Nakhon Sri Thammarat: Khao Ram ; Khao Luang)
Danais melaneus plataniston ; Godfrey,1916 : 118. (Prae: Me Song forest; Chonburi: Hup Bon)
Danaida melaneus plataniston ; Godfrey,1930 : 236. (Prae: Me Song forest; Chiang Rai; Chonburi: Sriracha; Hat Sanuk; Me Wong; Nakhon Sri Thammarat)
Danaida melaneus plataniston ; Godfrey,1932a : 266. (P)
Danaus melaneus plataniston ; Pinratana,1977 : 72, figs.D11,♂,♂(Un). (all over)
Parantica melaneus plataniston ; Pinratana & Eliot,1992 : 59,72, pl.73, fig.11,♂. (Chiang Mai; Chanthaburi; Nakhon Nayok; Nakhon Sri Thammarat; Ranong; Yala)
Parantica melaneus ; Koiwaya & Nishimura,1997 : 59,60, figs.1-4, 20-31. (Chiang Mai: Chiang Dao; Tha Thon; Nan: Doi Phu Kha; Ban Nam Avan; Lampang: Mae Mo; Uttaradit: Phu Soai Dao; Mae Hong Son: Ban Longhaeng; Tak: Umphang; Phetchaburi: Padeng; Trang: Khao Chong; Yala: Than To; Ton Nga Chang)
Parantica melaneus plataniston ; RDPB & DNP,2006-2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.[♂](Un). (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.25 ; accessed: 2024.04.30)
Parantica melaneus plataniston ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 188, pl.66, figs.D11,♂,♂(Un),♀[♂],♀(Un)[♂(Un)]. (Chiang Dao; Wang Chin; Kaeng Krachan)
Parantica melaneus ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Koh Samui) (accessed: 2022.12.07)
Parantica melaneus plataniston ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 188, pl.66, figs.N11,♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un). (Chiang Dao; Wang Chin)
Parantica melaneus ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Phetchabun; Nakhon Nayok; Nakhon Ratchasima; Phetchaburi; Nakhon Si Thammarat; Yala) (accessed: 2024.05.04)
Parantica sita sita ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2023- : Butterflies of Thailand, fig. (Phetchabun) (in part) (accessed: 2024.05.04)
Parantica melaneus ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 30, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Thung Saleng Luang; Phu Khiewo; Kao Yai; Nakohn Nayork; Kao Khiewo; Kao Soi Dao; Doi Musso; Pha Who; Muang Shone; Kao Luang; Ka Chong; Than To WF.)
Parantica melaneus plataniston ; Chaianunporn & Chaianunporn,2019 : 86. (Chaiyaphum: Chulabhorn Dam)

[ LAOS ]
Parantica melaneus plataniston ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 52, pl.33, figs.3,♂,4,♂(Un). (Luang Prabang; Vang Vieng; Phatong)
Parantica melaneus ; Koiwaya & Nishimura,1997 : 59,60, figs.1-4, 20-31. (Xaignabouri: Doi Pee Ban Nam; Xieng Kouang: Ban Nam Hom; Nong Het; Xieng Kouang; Boli Kham Xai: Laksao; Phong Sali)
Parantica melaneus ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 204, pl.43, fig.♂. (Phong Saly)
Parantica melaneus ; Onodera,2009b : 37. (Xieng Kouang: Nam Noen)
Parantica melaneus ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 43.
Parantica melaneus ; Onodera,2022 : 23, pl.81, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Xiengkhouang: Nam Noen)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Danaida neopatra ; Vitalis,1919 : 221. (Cambodge)
Parantica melaneus melaneus ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 128. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Parantica melaneus ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 115. (Mondulkiri)

[ VIETNAM ]
Danais melaneus ; Joannis,1901 : 316. (Tonkin: Cao Bang)
Parantica melaneus ; Koiwaya & Nishimura,1997 : 59,60, figs.1-4, 20-31. (Hoa Binh: Mai Chau; Vinh Phu: Tam Dao; Ninh Binh: Cuc Phuong; Lam Dong: Bao Loc)
Parantica melaneus plataniston ; Morishita,1970 : 65, fig.11,♂. (Blao; Bobla; Ding Quan; Banmethuot)
Parantica melaneus ; Ikeda et al.,1999 : 50,53, figs.2:1,♂,2,♂(Un),3,♀,9:6(♂genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Parantica melaneus melaneus ; Luong et al.,2004 : 3, 38, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Parantica melaneus melaneus ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006 : 15, fig.D-10,♂. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dai Duc Me; Gung Re)
Parantica melaneus melaneus ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2007c : 37, fig.D-10,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri)
Parantica melaneus melaneus ; Monastyrskii,2011 : 41-42, pl.1, figs.1a♂,1b♂(Un). (N: Hoang Lien; Muong Nhe; Van Ban; Ba Vi; Tam Dao; Ba Be; Cuc Phuong; Pu Luong / C: Pu Mat; Vu Quang; Huong Son; Phong Dien; Dak Rong; Nam Dong; Huong Thuy; Bach Ma; Ngoc Linh; Kom Plong; Kon Cha Rang; Kon Ka Kinh; Hon Ba; Bao Lam; Cat Loc / S: La Nga; Cat Tien)
Parantica melaneus melaneus ; Yokochi et al.,2015 : 39. (Khanh Hoa: Hon Ba)
Parantica melaneus melaneus ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 19. (N / C / S)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 10♂ 2♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lampang : 5♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phrae : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nan : 8♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Loei : 2♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Tak : 3♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchabun : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chaiyaphum : 4♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 2♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trat : 2♂ (photo by E.Ikari).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchaburi : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Ranong : 10♂ 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phuket : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Si Thammarat : 4♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yala : 5♂ 1♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Xieng Khouang : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Vinh Phuc : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lam Dong : 4♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is common in montane forests at low to high elevations (Alt. 50 - 2200m). Both sexes visit flowers and males occasionally come to puddles to suck water.
Kimura et al.,2016 mentioned "The male of the individuals capturing at Kao Soi Dao in Chanthaburi shows more or less darker than the other and the slender linear black line are existing in the space 1b of the upperside of the forewings". Some individuals from S.E.Thailand (Chanthaburi and Trat) have such tendencies, but they are variable.

Cramer, P.,1775-1780 :
De uitlandsche Kapellen voorkomende in de drie Waereld-Deelen Asia, Africa en America. Papillons exotiques des trois parties du monde l'Asie, l'Afrique et l'Amerique.
Amsteldam, S.J.Baalde; Barthelemy Wild and J. Van Schoonhoven & Comp.
1(1/7):i-xxx, 1-16, 1-132, pls.1-84 ([31 December]1775), (8):133-155, pls.85-96 (1776); 2(9/16):1-151, pls.97-192 (1777); 3(17/22):1-128, pls.193-264 (1779), (23/24):129-176, pls.265-288 (1780); 4(25/26):1-28, pls.289-304 (1780)

Hübner, J.,1816–[1825] : Verzeichniss Bekannter Schmettlinge.
Augsburg, Jacob Hübner, 431 pp.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1910 : 3. Familie: Danaidae in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9
191-216. (20.May.1910)

Koiwaya, S. & Nishimura, M.,1997 : Confirmation of the status of Parantica melaneus and Parantica swinhoei (Danaidae).
Butterflies 18:56-65.

♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Yala, Thailand.	♂, Tak, Thailand.

1998.11.15 - 2024.05.31.