♂ (ds), Nan, Thailand.		♀ (ds), Nan, Thailand.
♂ (ws), Nan, Thailand.		♀ (ws), Nan, Thailand.
♂, Trat, Thailand.		♀, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand.
♂, Kanchanaburi, Thailand.		♀, Kanchanaburi, Thailand.
♂, Kanchanaburi, Thailand.		♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Phetchaburi, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♂, Phetchaburi, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)
♀, Ranong, Thailand. (photo by A.M.Cotton)		♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

ON : Papilio chaon Westwood, 1845 OD : Arcana Ent. 2:97, pl.72, fig.1,♂. TL : Assam. Distribution : Nepal, India to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, China. ● ssp.chaon ● transition zone of chaon and annulus ● ssp.annulus ● hybrid zone of annulus and Papilio nephelus

Papilio chaon ducenarius Fruhstorfer, 1908 : Ent. Zeit. 22(18):73. TL. "Tenasserim" [Tanintharyi, Myanmar]. (NHML)
Papilio chaon duketius Fruhstorfer, 1908 : Ent. Zeit. 22(18):73. TL. Siam. (NHML)
Papilio chaon dispensator Fruhstorfer, 1908 : Ent. Zeit. 22(18):73. TL. Tonkin. (NHML)
Papilio chaon chaon ♀f. leucacantha Fruhstorfer, 1908 : Ent. Zeit. 22(18):73. TL. Sikkim. (NHML) (IFS)
Papilio chaon ♂ab. paryphanta Jordan, 1909 : in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde 9:53. TL. Cherra Punji, Assam. (IFS)
Papilio chaon ab. xanthia Boullet & Le Cerf, 1912 : Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1912(11):247. TL. Pnom-Penh, Cambodia. (MNHN) (IFS)
Papilio chaon chaon ab. tripunctata Dufrane, 1936 : Lambillionea. 36:42. TL. Sikkim. (♂) (IFS)
Papilio chaon chaon ab. pseudochaonulus Dufrane, 1936 : Lambillionea. 36:42. TL. Sikkim. (♂) (IFS)

ducenarius ; ♂, Type (red), Lower Burma. [Tenasserim.] (NHML, examined)
duketius ; ♂, Type (red), Jan. Muok-Lek, Siam. (NHML, examined)
dispensator ;
♂, Type (red), #149321, Aug.Sept. Chiem-Hoa, Central-Tonkin. H.Fruhstorfer (NHML, examined)
♀, Type (red), #149322, Aug.Sept. Chiem-Hoa, Central-Tonkin. H.Fruhstorfer (NHML, examined)
leucacantha ; ♀, Type (red), Juni. Darjeeling. Fruhstorfer leg. (NHML, examined)

[ THAILAND ]
Papilio chaon ; Fruhstorfer,1903 : 173. (Siam)
Papilio chaon chaon ; Jordan,1908-1909 : 53. (Siam)
Papilio chaon chaon ; Godfrey,1916 : 110.
Papilio chaon chaon ; Godfrey,1927 : 120. (N)
Papilio chaon chaon ; Godfrey,1930 : 212. (Prae: Me Song forest; Chiang Rai; Pak Jong; Chonburi: Sriracha; Phetchaburi; 'Songkhla: Ban Prakawp')
Papilio chaon ducenarius ; Davidson & Macbeth,1938 : 68. (Chonburi: Sriracha)
Papilio nephelus raya ; Pinratana,1977 : 34. (Chanthaburi) (in part)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Pinratana,1977 : 35, figs.P24c♂,♂(Un). (all over)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Pinratana & Eliot,1992 : 22,42, pl.31, fig.27a♂ ; pl.34, fig.27a♂(Un). (Chiang Mai; Chanthaburi; Phitsanulok; Kanchanaburi; Nakhon Nayok; 'Ranong')
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 251, fig.39,♂. (Mukdahan: Phu Mu; Phu Shang)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 15-16. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Huay Sing; Ban Na Lak; Ban Gok Tum; Ubon Ratchathani: Kaeng E-Keow)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 45. (Ubon Ratchathani: Phu Chong Na Yoi; Mukdahan: Phu Mu; Ban Lao Kram)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 80, pl.11, figs.P28a♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un). (Chiang Dao)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 124, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Chiang Dao; Doi Phu Kha; Thung Saleng Luang; Mae Sam; Phu Khiewo; Sarika; Nakohn Nayork; Khao Khiewo; Kao Soi Dao; Kratchin WF; Khao Khiewo)
Papilio nephelus ducenarius ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 124, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un). (Sai York Noi; Erawan WF; Kuwai Yai; Kaeng Krachan; Hua Hin)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 80, pl.11, figs.P26a♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un). (Chiang Dao)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 6, photo.13,♂. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Papilio nephelus ducenarius ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 6, photo.14,♂. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Papilio nephelus annulus ; Chaianunporn & Chaianunporn,2019 : 87. (Chaiyaphum: Chulabhorn Dam)
Papilio chaon chaon ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2023- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Phetchabun; Sa Kaeo; Nakhon Nayok; Chanthaburi; Trat) (accessed: 2024.07.05)

[ LAOS ]
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 46, pl.6, figs.1,♂,2,♂(Un). (Tha Ngone; Nam Moh; Luang Prabang)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 200, pl.11, figs.♂(dsf),♂(dsf,Un),♀. (Thabok; Lak Sao)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Cotton & Racheli,[2007] : 353-354. (Thabok; Hinboun: Koun Ngun; Koun Kham; Lak Sao)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Onodera,2009b : 41. (Khammouan: Nacay)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 41.
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Onodera,2022 : 6, pl.24, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un). (Bolikhamxai: Konglor; Khammouan: Ban Lao)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Papilio chaon ab. xanthia ; Dubois & Vitalis,1914 : 148. (Cambodge)
Papilio chaon ab. xanthia ; Vitalis,1919 : 213. (Cambodge)
Papilio chaon ab. xanthia ; Dubois & Vitalis,1921 : 12. (Cambodge)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Woodfield & Murton,2006 : figs.♂,♂(Un). (Botum Sakor NP.)
Papilio nephelus ; Onodera,2007 : 27, fig.5,♂. (Siem Reap: Phnum Kuhlen)
Papilio nephelus ; Onodera,2008 : 57. (Mondolkiri: Bousra)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Kosterin,2019 : 89. (Koh Kong)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Kosterin,2020 : 313. (Siem Reap)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 113. (Koh Kong; Mondulkiri; Pursat; Siem Reap)

[ VIETNAM ]
Papilio chaon ; Fruhstorfer,1903 : 173. (Tonkin: Chim-Hoa)
Papilio chaon chaon ; Jordan,1908-1909 : 53. (Tonkin)
Papilio chaon ab. paryphanta ; Dubois & Vitalis,1914 : 148. (Tonkin / Cochinchine)
Papilio chaon ab. paryphanta ; Vitalis,1919 : 213. (Tonkin / Cochinchine)
Papilio chaon ab. paryphanta ; Dubois & Vitalis,1921 : 12. (Tonkin / Cochinchine)
Papilio chaon ; Lemée,1950 : 4. (Hagiang)
Papilio chaon chaon ; Metaye,1957 : 82. (N / C / S)
Papilio chaon chaon ab.♂ paryphanta ; Metaye,1957 : 82. (N / S)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Ikeda et al.,1998 : 17, figs.4:2,♂,3,♂(Un),9:7(♂genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Shinkai,1999 : 53. (N: Tam Dao / S: Bao Lac)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Luong et al.,2004 : 1, 23, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006 : 7, figs.Pa-14,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dong Nai: Thac Mai)
Papilio nephelus ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 38. (Thua Thien Hue: Nam Dong; A Luoi; Huong Thuy; Phong Dien; Bach Ma)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Monastyrskii,2007 : 56-57, pl.14, figs.1a♂,1b♂(Un),1c♀. (throughout Vietnam)
Papilio nephelus chaon ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 12. (N / C / S)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 2♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Rai : 1♂ 1♀ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 9♂ 5♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nan : 8♂ 3♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Tak : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Kanchanaburi : 3♂ 1♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchabun : 3♂ 1♀ (photo & photo by T.Aoyama).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Sa Kaeo : 2♂ (photo by T.Aoyama).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Nayok : 4♂ 1♀ (incl. photo by T.Aoyama).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 6♂ 1♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trat : 6♂ 1♀ (incl. photo by E.Ikari).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchaburi : 6♂ 3♀ (incl. photo by T.Aoyama).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Ranong : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Bolikhamxai : 26♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Vientiane : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Khammouan : 26♂ 22♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Champasak : 2♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Lam Dong : 4♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is common in montane forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1400m). Both sexes visit flowers. Males form flight paths along streams or forest edges, and frequently come to the banks of streams and puddles to suck water.
The populations from Tak, W.Thailand to Phetchaburi, P.Thailand appear to be highly variable and have unstable markings. It seems a transition zone between ssp.chaon and ssp.annulus. More chaon-like individuals tend to occur in the north, and more annulus-like individuals in the south, but both elements are found sympatrically. These intermediate individuals occasionally occur in Chiang Mai, N.Thailand and Ranong, P.Thailand. The type specimen of ducenarius is an intermediate individual that is more like chaon.
Condamine et al.,2023 divided the taxon nephelus into two species, nephelus and chaon, based on molecular analysis.

Westwood, J.O.,1841-1845 : Arcana entomologica, or Illustrations of new, rare, and interesting exotic insects.
William Smith, London. 8 vol.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1908 : Lepidopterologisches Pele-Mele. IV. Neue Papiliorassen.
Ent. Zeit. 22(18):72-73.

Jordan, K.,1909 : Die Indo-Australische Tagfalter. Papilionidae in Seitz, Grossschmett. Erde
9:49-56.

Boullet, E. & Le Cerf, F.,1912 : Descriptions sommarires de formes nouvelles de Papilionidae (Lep). de la collection du Muséum de Paris (2e note).
Bull. Soc. ent. Fr. 1912(11):246-247.

Dufrane, A.,1936 : Sur quelques espèces du genre Papilio
Lambillionea. 36:40-42.

Condamine, F.L., Allio, R., Reboud, E.L., Dupuis, J.R., Toussaint, E.F.A., Mazet, N., Hu, S.J., Lewis, D.S., Kunte, K., Cotton, A.M. & Sperling, F.A.H.,2023 :
A comprehensive phylogeny and revised taxonomy illuminate the origin and diversification of the global radiation of Papilio (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 183 (2023) 107758:1-22.

2♂, Nakhon Nayok, Thailand. (photo by T.Aoyama)	♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Phetchabun, Thailand. (photo by T.Aoyama)	♂, Sa Kaeo, Thailand. (photo by T.Aoyama)
♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.	♂(right) with helenus, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ and ♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀ and 2♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Kanchanaburi, Thailand.	♀, Phetchaburi, Thailand. (photo by T.Aoyama)
♂, Phetchaburi, Thailand. (photo by T.Aoyama)	♀, Phetchaburi, Thailand. (photo by T.Aoyama)
♂, Tak, Thailand.	♂, Kanchanaburi, Thailand.
♂, Kanchanaburi, Thailand.

1996.10.02 - 2024.07.31.