♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. (photo by A.Giudici)		♀, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
♂, Satun, Thailand.		♀, Satun, Thailand.
♂, Chanthaburi, Thailand.		♀, Trat (Koh Kut dist.), Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♂, Ranong, Thailand.

form drasmos
♂, Champasak, Laos.		♀, Trat (Koh Chang dist.), Thailand.
♂, Chonburi, Thailand.		♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. (dieneces)		♂ Trat (Koh Chang), Thailand. (f.drasmos)

ON : Deudorix dieneces Hewitson, 1878 OD : Ill. diurn. Lep. Lycaenidae 1(Suppl.):31, pl.5a, figs.65,♂, 66,♀(Un), 67,♂(Un). TL : Singapore. (NHML) Distribution : N.E.India to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Langkawi, W.Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Bangka, Palawan, Sulu, Mindanao.

Hesperia xenophon Fabricius,1793 : Ent. Syst. 3(1):272.TL. 'India'. (nom. dub.)
Rapala drasmos H.H. Druce, 1895 : Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895(3):624, pl.34, fig.13,♀. TL. Labuan, Borneo. (MfN)
Rapala dieneces aurelia Fruhstorfer, 1912 : Berl. ent. Z. 56(3/4):262. TL. "Süd-Annam" [C.Vietnam].

drasmos ; Holotype ♀, Labuan, Borneo. (MfN) ; Takanami,1989 : 35, figs.A85a♀, 85b♀(Un).

[ THAILAND ]
Rapala xenophon ; Godfrey,1916 : 140. (Chonburi: Hup Bon)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Godfrey,1927 : 127. (N)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Godfrey,1930 : 351. (Pak Jong)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Godfrey,1932a : 274. (P)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Pinratana,1981 : 149, pl.27, figs.13,♂,14,♀,15,♂(Un). (Chiang Mai; Songkhla; Phangna; Phuket)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 260, fig.170,♀. (Mukdahan: Phu Pha Thaep; Phu Huay Sing)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 40. (Ubon Ratchathani: Phu Chong Na Yoi)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 56. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Huai Sing)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 712, pl.325, figs.L412,♂,♂(Un). (in part)
Rapala dieneces dienece ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,[♀](Un). (Koh Samui) (accessed: 2022.10.15)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 758, pl.348, figs.L434,♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Chiang Mai; Koh Chang; Khao Phanom Bencha)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Kimura et al.,2014 : 138, figs.♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Tha Ton; Doi Suthep; Ban Salok; Phu Khiewo; Kao Yai; Nakohn Nayork; Wan Nam Kiewo; Pliewn WF; Pha Who; Ka Chong; Tarutao Is; Thaleban; Sonkhula)
Rapala dieneces aurelia ; Kimura et al.,2014 : 138, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Ban Lao Kram; Phu Chong Na Yoi)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs., Early Stages. (Nakhon Nayok; Sa Kaeo; Chanthaburi; Yala) (accessed: 2023.10.22)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Küppers & Janikorn,2020 : 208-209, figs.Abb.L-449,♂,450,♀,451,♂[♀](Un),452,♀(Un). (Phang Nga)

[ LAOS ]
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 77, pl.108, fig.B10,♀[♂]. (no data)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 219. pl.127, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀. (Pakxe; Champasak; Thateng)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 48. (Thakhek; Nhahin)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 56.
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Onodera,2022 : 98, pl.232, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Bolikhamxai: Keng Sa Dec)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Rapala dieneces ; Onodera,2008 : 61. (Mondolkiri: Bousra)
Rapala dieneces ; Onodera,2009 : 36. (Mondolkiri: Bousra)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 124. (Koh Kong; Mondulkiri; Preah Vihear; Stueng Treng)

[ VIETNAM ]
Rapala xenophon aurelia ; Seitz,1924-1927 : 1002. (Annam)
Rapala xenophon aurelia ; Metaye,1957 : 88. (C)
Rapala dienecs [sic] ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 44. (Thua Thien Hue: Phong Dien)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006d : 68, fig.L-141,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dong Nai: Thac Mai; Bin Thuan: Dong Tien)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2007c : 40, fig.L-127,♂. (Lam Dong: Dambri)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 69. (C / S)
Rapala dieneces dieneces ; Saito et al.,2017 : 79. (S: Nui Cam)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 5♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 7♂ 4♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Nayok : 1♂ (photo by M.Hayashi).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Rayong : 1♂ (photo by S.Sophonviwatkul).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trat (Koh Kut dist.) : 4♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Ranong : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Surat Thani (Koh Phangan dist.) : 2♂ 1♀ (photo and incl. photo by A.Giudici).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Si Thammarat : 1♂ 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trang : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Pattani : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Satun : 2♂ 5♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Lak Sao : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Thabok : 1♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

---------------------------------------------------
f.drasmos

Mae Hong Son : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 10♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Nayok : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chonburi : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trat (Koh Chang dist.) : 2♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yala : 1♂ (photo by S.Atdhabhan).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Champasak : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Lam Dong : 5♂ 6♀ (photo by K.Saito).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is locally common in montane and secondary forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1200m). Males are territorial on shrubs or trees at hilltops.
Examples of males from E. Thailand to Vietnam have larger red makings on the UpF, and Kimura et al. (2014) treated them as ssp.aurelia. However, this form is sympatric with ordinary dieneces in many places in continental Thailand. I provisionally treat it as form drasmos, since no difference is found in genitalia of both populations. Curiously, the occurrence ratio of this form varies considerably from region to region. I suppose it may be the dry season form. Further taxonomic study is needed.

Fabricius, J.C.,1793 : Entomologia systematica emedata et aucta. secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, adjectis synonymis, locis, observationibus, descriptionibus.
3(1): [iv] + 488 pp. Copenhagen. C.G.Proft.

Hewitson, W.C.,1863-1878; Illustrations of diurnal Lepidoptera. Part I. Lycaenidae.
London, John Van Voorst.
(1):1-37 [sic], pls.1-16. (6.Jul.1863) ; (2):37-76, pls.17-30. (24.Jun.1865) ; (3):77-114, pls.31-46. (1.Apr.1867) ; (4):115-136, 14a-14h, supplementary pp.1-16, pls.47-54, 3a-3c, supplementary pls.1-5. (30.Apr.1869) ; (5):137-151 [sic], pls.55-59, supplementary pl.6. (10.Feb.1873) ; (6):151-185 [sic], pls.60-73. (1.Dec.1874) ; (7):185-209 [sic], pls.74-83 (Jan.1877) ; (8):209-228, supplementary pp. 17-35 [sic], 35-47, pls.84-85, 88-92, supplementary pls.1a-1b, 3a-3b, 4a, 5a-5b, 7-8. (Nov.1878) [pls. 86-87 were never published]

Druce, H.H.,1895 : A Monograph of the Bornean Lycaenidae.
Proc. zool. Soc. Lond. 1895(3):556-627, pls.31-34.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1912 : Uebersicht der Lycaeniden des Indo-Australischen Gebiets. Begründet auf die Ausbeute und die Sammlung des Autors.
Berl. ent. Z. 56(3/4):197-272, 4 figs. (Apr.1912)

Takanami, Y.,1989 : On Some Type Specimens of Lycaenidae from South East Asia (Lepidoptera).
Tyô to Ga 40(1):23-80.

Bridges, C.A.,1994 : Catalogue of the family-group, genus-group and species-group names of the Riodinidae & Lycaenidae (Lepidoptera) of the world.
Urbana, Author. 1128 pp.

Kimura, Y., Aoki, T., Yamaguchi, S., Uémura, Y. & Saito, T.,2014 : The Butterflies of Thailand. Based on Yunosuke KIMURA Collection vol.2. Lycaenidae.
Mokuyosha. 245 pp.

♂ (f.drasmos, territorial behavior), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♀, Trat (Koh Kut dist.), Thailand.	♀, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.
♂, Surat Thani (Koh Phangan dist.), Thailand.	♂, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. (photo by A.Giudici)
♂ (f.drasmos), Yala, Thailand. (photo by S.Atdhabhan)
♂, Nakhon Nayok (f.drasmos), Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai (f.drasmos), Thailand.

1999.07.21 - 2024.11.30.