♂ (ws), Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♀ (ds), Mae Hong Son, Thailand.
♂ (ds), Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♀ (ds), Nan, Thailand.
♂ (ws), Nan, Thailand.		♀ (ws), Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂ (ws), Nan, Thailand.		♀ (ds), Chanthaburi, Thailand.
♂ (ds), Chonburi, Thailand.		♀, Bangkok, Thailand.

ON : Adolias garuda Moore, [1858] OD : in: Horsfield & Moore, Cat. lep. Ins. East-India Co. 1:186-187, pl.6, fig.2(larva),2a(chrysalis). TL : N.India ; 'Madras, [Channai, SE. India]'. Distribution : N. India to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Yunnan, Langkawi. ● ssp.garuda ● ssp.gurda

Euthalia merilia Swinhoe, 1893 : Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 41(3):286-287. TL. Cherra Punji, [Meghalaya, India].
Euthalia aconthea apama Fruhstorfer, 1913 : in Seitz, Grossschmett Erde 9:667. TL. Bangkok, "Siam" [Thailand] ; Saigon, "Cochin-China" [S. Vietnam].

[ THAILAND ]
Euthalia garuda apama ; Godfrey,1916 : 130-131. (Bangkok)
Euthalia garuda apama ; Godfrey,1930 : 292. (except P)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Pinratana,1979 : 73, figs.N125,♀,♀(Un),♂. (Chiang Mai; Chaiyaphum; Bangkok; Kanchanaburi; Nakhon Ratchasima; Nonthaburi; Saraburi) (in part)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Pinratana & Eliot,1996 : 75, pl.50, figs.137a♂,♂(Un),♀. (Chiang Mai; Chaiyaphum; Nakhon Ratchasima; Saraburi; Bangkok; Nonthaburi; Chonburi; Kanchanaburi)
Euthalia aconthea apama ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 255, fig.107,♂. (Mukdahan: Phu Mu; Phu Pha Thaep; Phu Shang; Ubon Ratchathani: Kaeng Tana)
Euthalia aconthea apama ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 29. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Nam Tok Tad Ton; Ban Na Lak)
Euthalia aconthea apama ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 51. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Phu Huai Sing; Nam Tok Tad Ton; Ubon Ratchathani: Nam Tok Soi Sawan)
Euthalia aconthea apama ; Katsuyama et al.,2005 : 70, fig.170,♂. (Umphang)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 434, pl.191, figs.N142a♂,♂(Un),♀. (Bangkok)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 444, pl.195, figs.N307a♂,♂(Un),♀. (Chiang Mai)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, fig., Early Stages. (Chiang Mai; Sa Kaeo; Bangkok; Trat) (accessed: 2023.03.11)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 104, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Chiang Dao; Ban Salok; Phu Khiewo; Sarika; Wan Nam Khiewo; Bang Phra; Bang Sarrey; Pattaya; Bangkok; Sai York Noi)

[ LAOS ]
Euthalia garuda ; Vitalis,1919 : 231. (Laos)
Euthalia garuda f. apama ; Dubois & Vitalis,1924 : 43. (Si-Khai)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 60, pl.67, figs.3,♂,4,♂(Un). (in part)
Euthalia eriphyle [sic] eriphyle [sic] ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 60, pl.69, figs.1♀,2♀(Un). (in part)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 207, pl.65, figs.♂,♀. (Phong Saly; Luang Phrabang)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 46.
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Onodera,2022 : 43, pl.125, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Oudomxai; Khammouan: Ban Lao)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Euthalia aconthe garuda ; Monastyrskii et al.,2011 : 129. (Phnom Samkos W.S.)
Euthalia aconthe garuda ; Kosterin,2019 : 97. (Koh Kong)
Euthalia aconthe garuda ; Kosterin,2020 : 327. (Siem Reap)
Euthalia aconthe garuda ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 118. (Banteay Meanchey; Keo [Kep?]; Koh Kong; Preah Sihanouk; Pursat; Preah Vihear; Siem Reap)

[ VIETNAM ]
Euthalia apama ; Vitalis,1919 : 231. (Cochinchine)
Euthalia garuda f. apama ; Dubois & Vitalis,1924 : 43. (Cochinchine)
Euthalia gurda ; Lemée,1950 : 65. (Saigon)
Euthalia garuda apama ; Metaye,1957 : 97. (S)
Euthalia aconthea ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 41. (Thua Thien Hue: Bach Ma)
Euthalia aconthea apama ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006b : 26, figs.N-88,♂,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri)
Euthalia aconthea apama ; Nihira,2009 : 99, fig.♂. (Phu Quoc)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 40. (N / C / S)
Euthalia aconthea apama ; Saito et al.,2017 : 81. (S: Nui Cam; Nui Coto)
Euthalia aconthea garuda ; Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(2):115-116, pl.63, figs.1a♂,1b♂(Un). (N: Tam Dao / C: Bach Ma; Yok Don; Chu Yang Sin; Krong Trai; Ninh Thuan; Yok Don; Hon Ba; Ba Ho; Da Teh; Cat Loc; Bao Lam)
Euthalia aconthea apama ; Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(2):115-116, pl.63, figs.1c♀,1d♀(Un). (S: Nam Cat Tien; Lo Go Xa Mat; Nghia Trung; Binh Chau)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 2♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 9♂ 3♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nan : 4♂ 4♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Loei : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Tak : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Bangkok : 2♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Sa Kaeo : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chonburi : 3♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Lam Dong : 8♂ 1♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is common in montane forest at low to moderate elevations (Alt.30m - 1600m) and is often found at secondary forest or garden trees in towns. Males are territorial on trees.
Some authors regard taxon apama to be a good subspecies, however the species is highly variable, with individual and seasonal variation seeming to be more pronounced than geographical variation in the continental region. It is also very variable within the same locality. Thus, I treat it as a synonym of garuda.

Moore, F.,[1858] : in: Horsfield & Moore, A catalogue of the Lepidopterous Insects in the Museum of the Hon. East-India Company. Vol.1.
London, W.H. Allen and Co. v + 278 pp., 12 pls.

Swinhoe, C.,1893 : A List of the Lepidoptera of the Khasia Hills. Part.1.
Trans. ent. Soc. Lond. 41(3):267-330.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1913 : 6. Familie: Nymphalidae in Seitz, Gross-Schmett. Erde 9
665-680. (13.Jan.1913)

♂, Loei, Thailand.	♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

2007.02.10 - 2024.02.29.