♂, Ranong, Thailand.		♀, Ranong, Thailand.
♂, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.		♀, Yala, Thailand.

ON : Parnara pugnans Nicéville,1891 OD : J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 6(3):384-385, pl.G, fig.30,♀. TL : Malay Pen. Distribution : P.Thailand (Ranong and Southward), Myanmar (Ataran to Mergui), W.Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Siberut, Nias, Bangka, Java.

[ THAILAND ]
Pemara pugnans ; Pinratana,1985 : 80, pl.26, figs.170,♂,♂(Un). (Ranong; Trang)
Pemara pugnans ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 800, pl.367, figs.H199,♂,♂(Un),♂(Un),♂(Un). (Ranong)
Pemara pugnans ; Kimura et al.,2011 : 80, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Ka Chong; Than To WF)
Pemara pugnans ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 858, pl.396, figs.H197,♂,♂(Un),♂(Un),♂(Un). (Ranong)
Pemara pugnans ; Küppers & Janikorn,2017 : 109, fig.Abb.H-193. (Phang Nga)

[ THAILAND ]
Ranong : 3♂ 2♀.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nakhon Si Thammarat : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yala : 1♂ 2♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is locally not rare in montane forests at low elevations (Alt. 30 - 450m). Males are territorial on shrubs or trees at hilltops.
Molecular analysis shows that Pemara is a synonym of Oreane, according to Zhang et al. (2022:39).

Nicéville, L. de,1891 : On new and little-known Butterflies from the Indo-Malayan region.
J. Bombay nat. Hist. Soc. 6(3):341-398.

Zhang, J., Cong, Q., Shen, J. & Grishin, N.V.,2022 : Taxonomic changes suggested by the genomic analysis of Hesperiidae (Lepidoptera)
Insecta Mundi 0921:1-135.

♂ (territorial behavior), Yala, Thailand.	♀, Yala, Thailand.

1999.09.11 - 2023.08.31.