♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.		♀, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Satun, Thailand.		♂, Satun, Thailand.
♂, Yala, Thailand.		♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
♂, Vientiane, Laos.		♂, Vinh Phuc, Vietnam.
♂, Chonburi, Thailand.		♂ (ab), Phetchaburi, Thailand.

ON : Papilio erymanthis Drury, 1773 OD : Ill. nat. Hist. Exot. Insects 1: index, 29, pl.15, figs.3, 4(Un). TL : "China". Distribution : India to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Hainan, S.China, Taiwan, Langkawi, W.Malaysia, Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Palawan. ● ssp.erymanthis ● ssp.melanodotis

[ THAILAND ]
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Fruhstorfer,1906 : 319. (Siam)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Godfrey,1916 : 125.
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Pendlebury,1923 : 35. (Nakhon Sri Thammarat: Khao Luang)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Godfrey,1927 : 123. (N)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Godfrey,1930 : 266. (all over)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Godfrey,1931 : 194. (Ko Tao)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Godfrey,1932a : 268. (P)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Pinratana,1979 : 8, figs.N10,♂,♂(Un). (Chiang Mai; Chonburi; Kanchanaburi; Nakhon Nayok; Nonthaburi; Petchaburi; Tak; Trang)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Pinratana & Eliot,1996 : 22, pl.5, fig.11,♂ (Chiang Mai; Tak; Nakhon Nayok; Kanchanaburi; Chonburi; Petchaburi; Ranong; Trang)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2000 : 254, fig.82,♂. (Mukdahan: Ban Naudom)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Yamaguchi & Aoki,2002 : 24. (Mukdahan: Phu Huay Sing; Nam Tok Tad Ton; Ban Na Lak; Ban Gok Tum)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Yamaguchi, Aoki & Akiyama,2005 : 49. (Mukdahan: Ban Lao Kram; Nam Tok Tad Ton; Ubon Ratchathani: Phu Pung)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Katsuyama et al.,2005 : 69, fig.134,♂. (Umphang: Tha-Sai; Umphang)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Katsuyama et al.,2006 : 49, fig.101,♂. (Nan: Ban Nam Poon)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; RDPB & DNP,2006-2008 : Butterflies in Hala-Bala Forest, fig.♂. (Narathiwat: Hala Bala) (last update: 2006.12.25 ; accessed: 2024.05.11)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Ek-Amnuay,[2007] : 356, pl.152, figs.N11,♂,♂(Un),♀. (Koh Samui; Kanchanaburi)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Les Day,2011-2022 : Samui Butterflies, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Koh Samui; Koh Phangan) (accessed: 2023.05.02)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Ek-Amnuay,2012 : 384, pl.165, figs.N214,♂,♂(Un),♀. (Koh Samui; Kanchanaburi)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Okamoto et al.,2013 : 9. (Kanchanaburi: Mae Klong Station)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; S.Sophonviwatkul, C.Sunthornwiphat & T.Laola,2015- : Butterflies of Thailand, figs. (Khon Kaen; Sa Kaeo; Nakhon Ratchasima; Phetchaburi) (accessed: 2023.05.02)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Kimura et al.,2016 : 48, figs.♂,♂(Un),♀,♀(Un). (Sarika; Nakohn Nayork; Wan Nam Khiewo; Kratching WF; Kao Khiewo; Mae Sohd; Kwai Yai; Kaeng Krachan; Khlong Naka; Ka Chong; Than To WF.)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Chaianunporn & Chaianunporn,2019 : 86. (Chaiyaphum: Chulabhorn Dam)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Küppers & Janikorn,2020 : 30, figs.Abb.L-185-188. (Phang Nga)

[ LAOS ]
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Motono & Negishi,1989 : 54, pl.41, figs.7,♂,8,♂(Un).(Vang Vieng; Pakse; Vientiane; Luang Prabang; Tha Ngone; Nam Ngum Dam)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Osada, Uémura & Uehara,1999 : 205, pl.47, fig.♂. (Xaignabouri)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Nimura & Wakahara,2005 : 41. (Namdhua)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Nakamura & Wakahara,2012 : 44.
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Onodera,2022 : 26, pl.91, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Khammouan: Ban Lao)

[ CAMBODIA ]
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Woodfield & Murton,2006 : figs,♂,♂(Un). (Botum Sakor NP.)
Cupha erymanthis ; Onodera,2007 : 28, fig.47♂. (Siem Reap: Phnum Kuhlen)
Cupha erymanthis ; Onodera,2008 : 58. (Mondolkiri: Bousra)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Kosterin,2019 : 97. (Koh Kong)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Kosterin,2020 : 326. (Siem Reap; Stueng Treng)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Chartier & Kosterin,2022 : 117. (Kep; Koh Kong; Mondulkiri; Preah Sihanouk; Ratanakiri; Siem Reap; Stueng Treng)

[ VIETNAM ]
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Fruhstorfer,1906 : 319. (Tonkin / Annam)
Cupha lotis ; Vitalis,1919 : 226. (Annam)
Cupha dohertyi ; Lemée,1950 : 10. (Sontay)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Godfrey,1919 : 467. (S: Daban)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Metaye,1957 : 93. (N / C / S)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Ikeda et al.,2000 : 24, figs.1:7,♂,8,♂(Un), fig.9:3(♂,genitalia). (Cuc Phuong)
Cupha erymanthis ; Vu,2003 : 57. (Phu Quoc)
Cupha erymanthis ; Luong et al.,2004 : 5, 57, figs.♂,♂(Un). (Cuc Phuong)
Cupha erymanthis ; Monastyrskii et al.,2006 : 40. (Thua Thien Hue: Nam Dong; A Luoi; Huong Thuy; Phong Dien; Bach Ma)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Miyazaki, Saito & Saito,2006b : 17, fig.N-17,♂. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dong Nai: Madagui; Thac Mai; Bin Thuan: Dong Tien)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Nihira,2009 : 99. (Phu Quoc)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Miyazaki et al.,2010 : 21, fig.N-17,♀. (Lam Dong: Dambri; Dai Duc Me)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Monastyrskii & Devyatkin,2015 : 32. (N / C / S)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Yokochi et al.,2015 : 40. (Khanh Hoa: Hon Ba)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Saito et al.,2017 : 81. (S: Nui Cam; Nui Ket)
Cupha erymanthis erymanthis ; Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(1):192-193, pl.25, fig.4a♂. (N: Na Hang; Tam Dao; Xuan Lien; Cat Ba; Cuc Phuong / C: Ben En; Pu Mat; Pu Hoat; Huong Son; Vu Quang; Phong Nha-Ke Bang)
Cupha erymanthis lotis ; Monastyrskii,2019 : 4(1):192-193. (C: Phong Dien; Bach Ma; Son Thanh; Ba To; Ngoc Linh; Kon Cha Rang; Kon Ka Kinh; Hon Ba; Nui Chua; Cat Loc; Yok Don; Binh Chau; Bu Gia Map; Chu Yang Sin / S: Cat Tien; Lo Go Sa Mat; Phu Quoc)

[ THAILAND ]
Mae Hong Son : 3♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Rai : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chiang Mai : 12♂ 1♀ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lamphun : 1♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lampang : 2♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phrae : 2♂ (photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Nan : 4♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chonburi : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Chanthaburi : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Trat : 4♂ (incl. photo by E.Ikari).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Phetchaburi : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Ranong : 5♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Surat Thani (Koh Phangan dist.) : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Satun : 7♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Yala : 2♂ (incl. photo).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ LAOS ]
Vientiane : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

[ VIETNAM ]
Vinh Phuc : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Lam Dong : 1♂.

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Kien Giang (Phu Quoc) : 3♂ (photo by E.Ikari).

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

The butterfly is common in montane and secondary forests at low to moderate elevations (Alt. 10 - 1300m). Both sexes visit flowers and males occasionally come to the banks of streams and puddles to suck water.
From the Indo-China area to the Malay Peninsula, the species is highly variable and individual and seasonal variation seems to be more pronounced than geographical variation. There is a tendency for the ground color and markings become darker from north to south, but it is hard to separate them clearly. Thus I follow Tsukada (1985) and treat this as the nominotypical subspecies.

Drury, D.,1770 : Illustrations of Natural History. Wherein are exhibited upwards of two hundred and forty [two hundred and twenty; two hundred] figures of exotic insects, according to their different genera; very few of which have hitherto been figured by any author, being engraved and coloured from nature, with the greatest accuracy, and under the author's own inspection, on fifty copper-plates. With a particular description of each insect: interspersed with remarks and reflections on the nature and properties of many of them.
1: xxviii + 130, 50 pls. ([23.Apr].1770), London, B. White. (suppressed; ICZN, Opinion 474)

Sulzer, J.H.,1776 : Dr. Sulzers Abgekurzte Geschichte der Insecten nach dem Linaeischen System Gesch. Ins. nach linn. Syst.
(1): 1-274, (2): pl.1-32.

Fruhstorfer, H.,1900 : Neue Cupha-Unterarten und Aufzählung der bekannten Species.
Stett. ent. Ztg. 60(4): 343-347. (Apr.1900)

Fruhstorfer, H.,1912 : 6. Familie: Nymphalidae. In: Seitz, A. (Ed.), Die Gross-Schmetterlinge der Erde.
9: 457-488 (18.Mar.1912), Stuttgart, Alfred Kernen.

Matsumura, S.,1929 : New butterflies from Japan, Korea and Formosa.
Insecta Matsumurana 3(2/3): 87-107, pl.4.

Esaki, T. & Nomura, K.,1930 : Some new aberrant forms of the Formosan butterflies.
Zephyrus 2(1): 11-14, pl.3.

Hemming, F. (Ed.),1957 : Opinions and declarations rendered by the international commision on Zoological Nomenclature.
Opinion 474. Determination of the dates to be assigned for the purposes of the Law of Priority to the names published in Dru Drury's Illustrations of Natural History in the period 1770-1782.
ICZN 16(16): 297-306. London.

Shirôzu, T.,1960 : Butterflies of Formosa in color.
Hoikusha, Osaka, Japan. [8] + 482 + [2]pp., 76 col.pls. (in Japanese)

Tsukada, E.,1985 : In: Tsukada, E. (Ed.), Butterflies of the South East Asian Islands IV, Nymphalidae (1).
Tokyo, Plapac Co., Ltd. 558 pp. (158 col. pls.) (in Japanese)

♂, Yala, Thailand.	♂, Yala, Thailand.
♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.	♂, Chiang Mai, Thailand.

2007.10.20 - 2024.05.31.